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Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018
Low intakes of fruits and vegetables have resulted in suboptimal intakes of several micronutrients, including vitamin C. This cross-sectional study used data from 84,902 children/adults (≥1 y) who completed a 24-h dietary recall as part of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7911690/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33525516 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020420 |
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author | Brauchla, Mary Dekker, Mark J. Rehm, Colin D. |
author_facet | Brauchla, Mary Dekker, Mark J. Rehm, Colin D. |
author_sort | Brauchla, Mary |
collection | PubMed |
description | Low intakes of fruits and vegetables have resulted in suboptimal intakes of several micronutrients, including vitamin C. This cross-sectional study used data from 84,902 children/adults (≥1 y) who completed a 24-h dietary recall as part of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018). Mean vitamin C intakes from foods/beverages were calculated as were trends in major food/beverage sources of vitamin C. Percentages below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were estimated. Overall, mean vitamin C consumption declined by 23% (97–75 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001). 100% fruit juice was the leading source of vitamin C (25.6% of total or 21.7mg/d), but this declined by 48% (25–13 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001). Whole fruit increased among children/adolescents (+75.8%;10–17 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001), but not adults, while the vegetable contribution was generally unchanged. The proportion of the population below the EAR increased by 23.8% on a relative scale or 9 percentage points on an absolute scale (38.3–47.4%). Declines in vitamin C intake is driven largely by decreases in fruit juice coupled with modest increases in whole fruit. Due to associations between vitamin C intake and numerous health outcomes these trends warrant careful monitoring moving forward. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7911690 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79116902021-02-28 Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 Brauchla, Mary Dekker, Mark J. Rehm, Colin D. Nutrients Article Low intakes of fruits and vegetables have resulted in suboptimal intakes of several micronutrients, including vitamin C. This cross-sectional study used data from 84,902 children/adults (≥1 y) who completed a 24-h dietary recall as part of the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018). Mean vitamin C intakes from foods/beverages were calculated as were trends in major food/beverage sources of vitamin C. Percentages below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were estimated. Overall, mean vitamin C consumption declined by 23% (97–75 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001). 100% fruit juice was the leading source of vitamin C (25.6% of total or 21.7mg/d), but this declined by 48% (25–13 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001). Whole fruit increased among children/adolescents (+75.8%;10–17 mg/d; p-value for trend < 0.001), but not adults, while the vegetable contribution was generally unchanged. The proportion of the population below the EAR increased by 23.8% on a relative scale or 9 percentage points on an absolute scale (38.3–47.4%). Declines in vitamin C intake is driven largely by decreases in fruit juice coupled with modest increases in whole fruit. Due to associations between vitamin C intake and numerous health outcomes these trends warrant careful monitoring moving forward. MDPI 2021-01-28 /pmc/articles/PMC7911690/ /pubmed/33525516 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020420 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Brauchla, Mary Dekker, Mark J. Rehm, Colin D. Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 |
title | Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 |
title_full | Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 |
title_fullStr | Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 |
title_full_unstemmed | Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 |
title_short | Trends in Vitamin C Consumption in the United States: 1999–2018 |
title_sort | trends in vitamin c consumption in the united states: 1999–2018 |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7911690/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33525516 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020420 |
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