Sodium [(18)F]Fluoride PET Can Efficiently Monitor In Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Calcification Progression and Treatment

Given the high sensitivity and specificity of sodium [(18)F]Fluoride (Na[(18)F]F) for vascular calcifications and positive emerging data of vitamin K on vascular health, the aim of this study is to assess the ability of Na[(18)F]F to monitor therapy and disease progression in a unitary atherosclerotic mouse model. ApoE(−/−) mice were placed on a Western-type diet for 12-weeks and then split into four groups. The early stage atherosclerosis group received a chow diet for an additional 12-weeks, while the advanced atherosclerosis group continued the Western-type diet. The Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) and Warfarin groups received MK-7 or Warfarin supplementation during the additional 12-weeks, respectively. Control wild type mice were fed a chow diet for 24-weeks. All of the mice were scanned with Na[(18)F]F using a small animal positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT). The Warfarin group presented spotty calcifications on the CT in the proximal aorta. All of the spots corresponded to dense mineralisations on the von Kossa staining. After the control, the MK-7 group had the lowest Na[(18)F]F uptake. The advanced and Warfarin groups presented the highest uptake in the aortic arch and left ventricle. The advanced stage group did not develop spotty calcifications, however Na[(18)F]F uptake was still observed, suggesting the presence of micro-calcifications. In a newly applied mouse model, developing spotty calcifications on CT exclusively in the proximal aorta, Na[(18)F]F seems to efficiently monitor plaque progression and the beneficial effects of vitamin K on cardiovascular disease.