Magnesium in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes

Magnesium (Mg(2+)) deficiency is probably the most underestimated electrolyte imbalance in Western countries. It is frequent in obese patients, subjects with type-2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, both in adulthood and in childhood. This narrative review aims to offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking Mg(2+) deficiency with obesity and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Literature highlights critical issues about the treatment of Mg(2+) deficiency, such as the lack of a clear definition of Mg(2+) nutritional status, the use of different Mg(2+) salts and dosage and the different duration of the Mg(2+) supplementation. Despite the lack of agreement, an appropriate dietary pattern, including the right intake of Mg(2+), improves metabolic syndrome by reducing blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. This occurs through the modulation of gene expression and proteomic profile as well as through a positive influence on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and the metabolism of vitamins B1 and D.