Cargando…

Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development

Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignant tumor in the adult population, and immunotherapy is playing an increasingly central role in the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the search for effective immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma patients continues. The goal of immunotherap...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Majc, Bernarda, Novak, Metka, Kopitar-Jerala, Nataša, Jewett, Anahid, Breznik, Barbara
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912469/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33572835
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020265
_version_ 1783656583992967168
author Majc, Bernarda
Novak, Metka
Kopitar-Jerala, Nataša
Jewett, Anahid
Breznik, Barbara
author_facet Majc, Bernarda
Novak, Metka
Kopitar-Jerala, Nataša
Jewett, Anahid
Breznik, Barbara
author_sort Majc, Bernarda
collection PubMed
description Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignant tumor in the adult population, and immunotherapy is playing an increasingly central role in the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the search for effective immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma patients continues. The goal of immunotherapy is to promote tumor eradication, boost the patient’s innate and adaptive immune responses, and overcome tumor immune resistance. A range of new, promising immunotherapeutic strategies has been applied for glioblastoma, including vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cell transfer. However, the main challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are the intracranial location and heterogeneity of the tumor as well as the unique, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Owing to the lack of appropriate tumor models, there are discrepancies in the efficiency of various immunotherapeutic strategies between preclinical studies (with in vitro and animal models) on the one hand and clinical studies (on humans) on the other hand. In this review, we summarize the glioblastoma characteristics that drive tolerance to immunotherapy, the currently used immunotherapeutic approaches against glioblastoma, and the most suitable tumor models to mimic conditions in glioblastoma patients. These models are improving and can more precisely predict patients’ responses to immunotherapeutic treatments, either alone or in combination with standard treatment.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7912469
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-79124692021-02-28 Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development Majc, Bernarda Novak, Metka Kopitar-Jerala, Nataša Jewett, Anahid Breznik, Barbara Cells Review Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignant tumor in the adult population, and immunotherapy is playing an increasingly central role in the treatment of many cancers. Nevertheless, the search for effective immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma patients continues. The goal of immunotherapy is to promote tumor eradication, boost the patient’s innate and adaptive immune responses, and overcome tumor immune resistance. A range of new, promising immunotherapeutic strategies has been applied for glioblastoma, including vaccines, oncolytic viruses, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and adoptive cell transfer. However, the main challenges of immunotherapy for glioblastoma are the intracranial location and heterogeneity of the tumor as well as the unique, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Owing to the lack of appropriate tumor models, there are discrepancies in the efficiency of various immunotherapeutic strategies between preclinical studies (with in vitro and animal models) on the one hand and clinical studies (on humans) on the other hand. In this review, we summarize the glioblastoma characteristics that drive tolerance to immunotherapy, the currently used immunotherapeutic approaches against glioblastoma, and the most suitable tumor models to mimic conditions in glioblastoma patients. These models are improving and can more precisely predict patients’ responses to immunotherapeutic treatments, either alone or in combination with standard treatment. MDPI 2021-01-29 /pmc/articles/PMC7912469/ /pubmed/33572835 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020265 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).
spellingShingle Review
Majc, Bernarda
Novak, Metka
Kopitar-Jerala, Nataša
Jewett, Anahid
Breznik, Barbara
Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development
title Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development
title_full Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development
title_fullStr Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development
title_full_unstemmed Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development
title_short Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma: Current Strategies and Challenges in Tumor Model Development
title_sort immunotherapy of glioblastoma: current strategies and challenges in tumor model development
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912469/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33572835
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10020265
work_keys_str_mv AT majcbernarda immunotherapyofglioblastomacurrentstrategiesandchallengesintumormodeldevelopment
AT novakmetka immunotherapyofglioblastomacurrentstrategiesandchallengesintumormodeldevelopment
AT kopitarjeralanatasa immunotherapyofglioblastomacurrentstrategiesandchallengesintumormodeldevelopment
AT jewettanahid immunotherapyofglioblastomacurrentstrategiesandchallengesintumormodeldevelopment
AT breznikbarbara immunotherapyofglioblastomacurrentstrategiesandchallengesintumormodeldevelopment