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Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma
In the context of child abuse spectrum, abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children less than 2 years of age. Immature brain is characterized by high water content, partially myelinated neurons, and prominent subarachnoid space, thus being susceptible of...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912837/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33535601 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020179 |
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author | Cartocci, Gaia Fineschi, Vittorio Padovano, Martina Scopetti, Matteo Rossi-Espagnet, Maria Camilla Giannì, Costanza |
author_facet | Cartocci, Gaia Fineschi, Vittorio Padovano, Martina Scopetti, Matteo Rossi-Espagnet, Maria Camilla Giannì, Costanza |
author_sort | Cartocci, Gaia |
collection | PubMed |
description | In the context of child abuse spectrum, abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children less than 2 years of age. Immature brain is characterized by high water content, partially myelinated neurons, and prominent subarachnoid space, thus being susceptible of devastating damage as consequence of acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces developed by violent shaking mechanism. Diagnosis of AHT is not straightforward and represents a medical, forensic, and social challenge, based on a multidisciplinary approach. Beside a detailed anamnesis, neuroimaging is essential to identify signs suggestive of AHT, often in absence of external detectable lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the radiation-free modality of choice to investigate the most typical findings in AHT, such as subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, and hypoxic-ischemic damage and it also allows to detect more subtle signs as parenchymal lacerations, cranio-cervical junction, and spinal injuries. This paper is intended to review the main MRI findings of AHT in the central nervous system of infants, with a specific focus on both hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic injuries caused by the pathological mechanisms of shaking. Furthermore, this review provides a brief overview about the most appropriate and feasible MRI protocol to help neuroradiologists identifying AHT in clinical practice. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7912837 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79128372021-02-28 Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma Cartocci, Gaia Fineschi, Vittorio Padovano, Martina Scopetti, Matteo Rossi-Espagnet, Maria Camilla Giannì, Costanza Brain Sci Review In the context of child abuse spectrum, abusive head trauma (AHT) represents the leading cause of fatal head injuries in children less than 2 years of age. Immature brain is characterized by high water content, partially myelinated neurons, and prominent subarachnoid space, thus being susceptible of devastating damage as consequence of acceleration–deceleration and rotational forces developed by violent shaking mechanism. Diagnosis of AHT is not straightforward and represents a medical, forensic, and social challenge, based on a multidisciplinary approach. Beside a detailed anamnesis, neuroimaging is essential to identify signs suggestive of AHT, often in absence of external detectable lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents the radiation-free modality of choice to investigate the most typical findings in AHT, such as subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, and hypoxic-ischemic damage and it also allows to detect more subtle signs as parenchymal lacerations, cranio-cervical junction, and spinal injuries. This paper is intended to review the main MRI findings of AHT in the central nervous system of infants, with a specific focus on both hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic injuries caused by the pathological mechanisms of shaking. Furthermore, this review provides a brief overview about the most appropriate and feasible MRI protocol to help neuroradiologists identifying AHT in clinical practice. MDPI 2021-02-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7912837/ /pubmed/33535601 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020179 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Cartocci, Gaia Fineschi, Vittorio Padovano, Martina Scopetti, Matteo Rossi-Espagnet, Maria Camilla Giannì, Costanza Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma |
title | Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma |
title_full | Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma |
title_fullStr | Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma |
title_full_unstemmed | Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma |
title_short | Shaken Baby Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features in Abusive Head Trauma |
title_sort | shaken baby syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging features in abusive head trauma |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912837/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33535601 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020179 |
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