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Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review

Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly exi...

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Autores principales: Samrot, Antony V., Sean, Tan Chuan, Bhavya, Karanam Sai, Sahithya, Chamarthy Sai, Chan-drasekaran, SaiPriya, Palanisamy, Raji, Robinson, Emilin Renitta, Subbiah, Suresh Kumar, Mok, Pooi Ling
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912936/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33535649
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020145
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author Samrot, Antony V.
Sean, Tan Chuan
Bhavya, Karanam Sai
Sahithya, Chamarthy Sai
Chan-drasekaran, SaiPriya
Palanisamy, Raji
Robinson, Emilin Renitta
Subbiah, Suresh Kumar
Mok, Pooi Ling
author_facet Samrot, Antony V.
Sean, Tan Chuan
Bhavya, Karanam Sai
Sahithya, Chamarthy Sai
Chan-drasekaran, SaiPriya
Palanisamy, Raji
Robinson, Emilin Renitta
Subbiah, Suresh Kumar
Mok, Pooi Ling
author_sort Samrot, Antony V.
collection PubMed
description Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, including dengue and malaria. Misdiagnosis is also common as non-specific symptoms are documented extensively in the literature. This can easily lead to death, as the severe form of leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) manifests as a complex of systemic complications, especially renal failure. The virulence of Leptospira sp. is usually attributed to the outer membrane proteins, including LipL32. With an armament of virulence factors at their disposal, their ability to easily adhere, invade and replicate within cells calls for a swift refinement in research progress to establish their exact pathophysiological framework. As an effort to reconstitute the current knowledge on leptospirosis, the basis of leptospiral infection, including its risk factors, classification, morphology, transmission, pathogenesis, co-infections and clinical manifestations are highlighted in this review. The various diagnostic techniques are also outlined with emphasis on their respective pros and cons.
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spelling pubmed-79129362021-02-28 Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review Samrot, Antony V. Sean, Tan Chuan Bhavya, Karanam Sai Sahithya, Chamarthy Sai Chan-drasekaran, SaiPriya Palanisamy, Raji Robinson, Emilin Renitta Subbiah, Suresh Kumar Mok, Pooi Ling Pathogens Review Leptospirosis is a perplexing conundrum for many. In the existing literature, the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full. Considered as a neglected tropical zoonotic disease, leptospirosis is culminating as a serious problem worldwide, seemingly existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, including dengue and malaria. Misdiagnosis is also common as non-specific symptoms are documented extensively in the literature. This can easily lead to death, as the severe form of leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) manifests as a complex of systemic complications, especially renal failure. The virulence of Leptospira sp. is usually attributed to the outer membrane proteins, including LipL32. With an armament of virulence factors at their disposal, their ability to easily adhere, invade and replicate within cells calls for a swift refinement in research progress to establish their exact pathophysiological framework. As an effort to reconstitute the current knowledge on leptospirosis, the basis of leptospiral infection, including its risk factors, classification, morphology, transmission, pathogenesis, co-infections and clinical manifestations are highlighted in this review. The various diagnostic techniques are also outlined with emphasis on their respective pros and cons. MDPI 2021-02-01 /pmc/articles/PMC7912936/ /pubmed/33535649 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020145 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Samrot, Antony V.
Sean, Tan Chuan
Bhavya, Karanam Sai
Sahithya, Chamarthy Sai
Chan-drasekaran, SaiPriya
Palanisamy, Raji
Robinson, Emilin Renitta
Subbiah, Suresh Kumar
Mok, Pooi Ling
Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review
title Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review
title_full Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review
title_fullStr Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review
title_full_unstemmed Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review
title_short Leptospiral Infection, Pathogenesis and Its Diagnosis—A Review
title_sort leptospiral infection, pathogenesis and its diagnosis—a review
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7912936/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33535649
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020145
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