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Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review
Biodiesels and biolubricants are synthetic esters produced mainly via a transesterification of other esters from bio-based resources, such as plant-based oils or animal fats. Microwave heating has been used to enhance transesterification reaction by converting an electrical energy into a radiation,...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913569/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33546303 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040788 |
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author | Mohamad Aziz, Nur Atiqah Yunus, Robiah Kania, Dina Abd Hamid, Hamidah |
author_facet | Mohamad Aziz, Nur Atiqah Yunus, Robiah Kania, Dina Abd Hamid, Hamidah |
author_sort | Mohamad Aziz, Nur Atiqah |
collection | PubMed |
description | Biodiesels and biolubricants are synthetic esters produced mainly via a transesterification of other esters from bio-based resources, such as plant-based oils or animal fats. Microwave heating has been used to enhance transesterification reaction by converting an electrical energy into a radiation, becoming part of the internal energy acquired by reactant molecules. This method leads to major energy savings and reduces the reaction time by at least 60% compared to a conventional heating via conduction and convection. However, the application of microwave heating technology alone still suffers from non-homogeneous electromagnetic field distribution, thermally unstable rising temperatures, and insufficient depth of microwave penetration, which reduces the mass transfer efficiency. The strategy of integrating multiple technologies for biodiesel and biolubricant production has gained a great deal of interest in applied chemistry. This review presents an advanced transesterification process that combines microwave heating with other technologies, namely an acoustic cavitation, a vacuum, ionic solvent, and a supercritical/subcritical approach to solve the limitations of the stand-alone microwave-assisted transesterification. The combined technologies allow for the improvement in the overall product yield and energy efficiency. This review provides insights into the broader prospects of microwave heating in the production of bio-based products. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7913569 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79135692021-02-28 Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review Mohamad Aziz, Nur Atiqah Yunus, Robiah Kania, Dina Abd Hamid, Hamidah Molecules Review Biodiesels and biolubricants are synthetic esters produced mainly via a transesterification of other esters from bio-based resources, such as plant-based oils or animal fats. Microwave heating has been used to enhance transesterification reaction by converting an electrical energy into a radiation, becoming part of the internal energy acquired by reactant molecules. This method leads to major energy savings and reduces the reaction time by at least 60% compared to a conventional heating via conduction and convection. However, the application of microwave heating technology alone still suffers from non-homogeneous electromagnetic field distribution, thermally unstable rising temperatures, and insufficient depth of microwave penetration, which reduces the mass transfer efficiency. The strategy of integrating multiple technologies for biodiesel and biolubricant production has gained a great deal of interest in applied chemistry. This review presents an advanced transesterification process that combines microwave heating with other technologies, namely an acoustic cavitation, a vacuum, ionic solvent, and a supercritical/subcritical approach to solve the limitations of the stand-alone microwave-assisted transesterification. The combined technologies allow for the improvement in the overall product yield and energy efficiency. This review provides insights into the broader prospects of microwave heating in the production of bio-based products. MDPI 2021-02-03 /pmc/articles/PMC7913569/ /pubmed/33546303 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040788 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Mohamad Aziz, Nur Atiqah Yunus, Robiah Kania, Dina Abd Hamid, Hamidah Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review |
title | Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review |
title_full | Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review |
title_fullStr | Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review |
title_full_unstemmed | Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review |
title_short | Prospects and Challenges of Microwave-Combined Technology for Biodiesel and Biolubricant Production through a Transesterification: A Review |
title_sort | prospects and challenges of microwave-combined technology for biodiesel and biolubricant production through a transesterification: a review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7913569/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33546303 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040788 |
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