Identification of a Transcription Factor Signature That Can Predict Breast Cancer Survival

BACKGROUND: The expression pattern of transcription factors (TFs) can be used to develop potential prognostic biomarkers for cancer. In this study, we aimed to identify and validate a TF signature for predicting disease-free survival (DFS) of breast cancer (BRCA) patients. METHODS: Lasso and the Cox regression analyses were applied to construct a TF signature based on a gene expression dataset from TCGA. The prognosis value of the TF signature was investigated in the TCGA database, and its reliability was further validated in 3 independent datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The prognosis performance of the TF signature was compared with 4 previously published gene signatures. To investigate the association between the TF signature and hallmarks of cancer, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was carried out. The correlations of the TF signature and the levels of immune infiltration were also investigated. RESULTS: An 11-TF prognostic signature was constructed with good survival prediction performance for BRCA patients. By using the risk score model based on the 11-TF signature, BRCA patients were stratified into low- and high-risk groups and showed good and poor disease-free survival (DFS), respectively. The risk score was an independent prediction indicator when adjusting for other clinicopathological factors. Furthermore, the 11-TF signature had a better survival prediction performance compared to 4 previously published gene signatures. Moreover, the risk score was a cancer hallmark. Finally, a high-risk score was associated with higher infiltration of M0 and M2 macrophages and was associated with a lower infiltration of resting memory CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSION: The findings in this study identified and validated a novel prognostic TF signature, which is an independent biomarker for the prediction of DFS in BRCA patients.