The Combined Effects of Fine Particulate Matter and Temperature on Preterm Birth in Seoul, 2010–2016

Background: Preterm birth contributes to the morbidity and mortality of newborns and infants. Recent studies have shown that maternal exposure to particulate matter and extreme temperatures results in immune dysfunction, which can induce preterm birth. This study aimed to evaluate the association between fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) exposure, temperature, and preterm birth in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Methods: We used 2010–2016 birth data from Seoul, obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office Microdata. PM(2.5) concentration data from Seoul were generated through the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. Seoul temperature data were collected from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). The exposure period of PM(2.5) and temperature were divided into the first (TR1), second (TR2), and third (TR3) trimesters of pregnancy. The mean PM(2.5) concentration was used in units of ×10 µg/m(3) and the mean temperature was divided into four categories based on quartiles. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between PM(2.5) exposure and preterm birth, as well as the combined effects of PM(2.5) exposure and temperature on preterm birth. Result: In a model that includes three trimesters of PM(2.5) and temperature data as exposures, which assumes an interaction between PM(2.5) and temperature in each trimester, the risk of preterm birth was positively associated with TR1 PM(2.5) exposure among pregnant women exposed to relatively low mean temperatures (<3.4 °C) during TR1 (OR 1.134, 95% CI 1.061–1.213, p < 0.001). Conclusions: When we assumed the interaction between PM(2.5) exposure and temperature exposure, PM(2.5) exposure during TR1 increased the risk of preterm birth among pregnant women exposed to low temperatures during TR1. Pregnant women should be aware of the risk associated with combined exposure to particulate matter and low temperatures during TR1 to prevent preterm birth.