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Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals
It was previously shown that the connexin gene family had relatively similar subfamily structures in several vertebrate groups. Still, many details were left unclear. There are essentially no data between tunicates, which have connexins that cannot be divided into the classic subfamilies, and teleos...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7914757/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33557313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041584 |
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author | Mikalsen, Svein-Ole í Kongsstovu, Sunnvør Tausen, Marni |
author_facet | Mikalsen, Svein-Ole í Kongsstovu, Sunnvør Tausen, Marni |
author_sort | Mikalsen, Svein-Ole |
collection | PubMed |
description | It was previously shown that the connexin gene family had relatively similar subfamily structures in several vertebrate groups. Still, many details were left unclear. There are essentially no data between tunicates, which have connexins that cannot be divided into the classic subfamilies, and teleosts, where the subfamilies are easily recognized. There are also relatively few data for the groups that diverged between the teleosts and mammals. As many of the previously analyzed genomes have been improved, and many more genomes are available, we reanalyzed the connexin gene family and included species from all major vertebrate groups. The major results can be summarized as follows: (i) The same connexin subfamily structures are found in all Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates), with some variations due to genome duplications, gene duplications and gene losses. (ii) In contrast to previous findings, birds do not have a lower number of connexins than other tetrapods. (iii) The cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) possess genes in the alpha, beta, gamma and delta subfamilies, but only some of the genes show a phylogenetic affinity to specific genes in jawed vertebrates. Thus, two major evolutionary transformations have occurred in this gene family, from tunicates to cyclostomes and from cyclostomes to jawed vertebrates. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7914757 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79147572021-03-01 Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals Mikalsen, Svein-Ole í Kongsstovu, Sunnvør Tausen, Marni Int J Mol Sci Review It was previously shown that the connexin gene family had relatively similar subfamily structures in several vertebrate groups. Still, many details were left unclear. There are essentially no data between tunicates, which have connexins that cannot be divided into the classic subfamilies, and teleosts, where the subfamilies are easily recognized. There are also relatively few data for the groups that diverged between the teleosts and mammals. As many of the previously analyzed genomes have been improved, and many more genomes are available, we reanalyzed the connexin gene family and included species from all major vertebrate groups. The major results can be summarized as follows: (i) The same connexin subfamily structures are found in all Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates), with some variations due to genome duplications, gene duplications and gene losses. (ii) In contrast to previous findings, birds do not have a lower number of connexins than other tetrapods. (iii) The cyclostomes (lampreys and hagfishes) possess genes in the alpha, beta, gamma and delta subfamilies, but only some of the genes show a phylogenetic affinity to specific genes in jawed vertebrates. Thus, two major evolutionary transformations have occurred in this gene family, from tunicates to cyclostomes and from cyclostomes to jawed vertebrates. MDPI 2021-02-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7914757/ /pubmed/33557313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041584 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Mikalsen, Svein-Ole í Kongsstovu, Sunnvør Tausen, Marni Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals |
title | Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals |
title_full | Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals |
title_fullStr | Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals |
title_full_unstemmed | Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals |
title_short | Connexins during 500 Million Years—From Cyclostomes to Mammals |
title_sort | connexins during 500 million years—from cyclostomes to mammals |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7914757/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33557313 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041584 |
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