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Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level
Human breast milk (HBM) is a source of essential nutrients for infants and is particularly recommended for preterm neonates when their own mother’s milk is not available. It provides protection against infections and decreases necrotizing enterocolitis and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, HBM...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7915446/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33562185 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020123 |
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author | Cormontagne, Delphine Rigourd, Virginie Vidic, Jasmina Rizzotto, Francesco Bille, Emmanuelle Ramarao, Nalini |
author_facet | Cormontagne, Delphine Rigourd, Virginie Vidic, Jasmina Rizzotto, Francesco Bille, Emmanuelle Ramarao, Nalini |
author_sort | Cormontagne, Delphine |
collection | PubMed |
description | Human breast milk (HBM) is a source of essential nutrients for infants and is particularly recommended for preterm neonates when their own mother’s milk is not available. It provides protection against infections and decreases necrotizing enterocolitis and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, HBM spoilage can occur due to contamination by pathogens, and the risk of a shortage of HBM is very often present. B. cereus is the most frequent ubiquitous bacteria responsible for HBM being discarded. It can contaminate HBM at all stages, from its collect point to the storage and delivery. B. cereus can induce severe infection in newborns with very low birth weight, with sometimes fatal outcomes. Although the source of contamination is rarely identified, in some cases, HBM was suspected as a potential source. Even if the risk is low, as infection due to B. cereus in preterm infants should not be overlooked, human milk banks follow strict procedures to avoid contamination, to accurately identify remaining bacteria following pasteurization and to discard non-compliant milk samples. In this review, we present a literature overview of B. cereus infections reported in neonates and the suspected sources of contamination. We highlight the procedures followed by the human milk banks from the collection of the milk to its microbiological characterization in Europe. We also present improved detection and decontamination methods that might help to decrease the risk and to preserve the public’s confidence in this vital biological product for infants whose mothers cannot breastfeed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7915446 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79154462021-03-01 Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level Cormontagne, Delphine Rigourd, Virginie Vidic, Jasmina Rizzotto, Francesco Bille, Emmanuelle Ramarao, Nalini Toxins (Basel) Review Human breast milk (HBM) is a source of essential nutrients for infants and is particularly recommended for preterm neonates when their own mother’s milk is not available. It provides protection against infections and decreases necrotizing enterocolitis and cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, HBM spoilage can occur due to contamination by pathogens, and the risk of a shortage of HBM is very often present. B. cereus is the most frequent ubiquitous bacteria responsible for HBM being discarded. It can contaminate HBM at all stages, from its collect point to the storage and delivery. B. cereus can induce severe infection in newborns with very low birth weight, with sometimes fatal outcomes. Although the source of contamination is rarely identified, in some cases, HBM was suspected as a potential source. Even if the risk is low, as infection due to B. cereus in preterm infants should not be overlooked, human milk banks follow strict procedures to avoid contamination, to accurately identify remaining bacteria following pasteurization and to discard non-compliant milk samples. In this review, we present a literature overview of B. cereus infections reported in neonates and the suspected sources of contamination. We highlight the procedures followed by the human milk banks from the collection of the milk to its microbiological characterization in Europe. We also present improved detection and decontamination methods that might help to decrease the risk and to preserve the public’s confidence in this vital biological product for infants whose mothers cannot breastfeed. MDPI 2021-02-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7915446/ /pubmed/33562185 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020123 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Cormontagne, Delphine Rigourd, Virginie Vidic, Jasmina Rizzotto, Francesco Bille, Emmanuelle Ramarao, Nalini Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level |
title | Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level |
title_full | Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level |
title_fullStr | Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level |
title_full_unstemmed | Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level |
title_short | Bacillus cereus Induces Severe Infections in Preterm Neonates: Implication at the Hospital and Human Milk Bank Level |
title_sort | bacillus cereus induces severe infections in preterm neonates: implication at the hospital and human milk bank level |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7915446/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33562185 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020123 |
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