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Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer, is a keratinocyte carcinoma representing one of the most common cancers with an increasing incidence. cSCC could be in situ (e.g., Bowen’s disease) or an invasive form. A significant cSCC risk factor is advanced age, together with...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7916193/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33572373 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020171 |
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author | Fania, Luca Didona, Dario Di Pietro, Francesca Romana Verkhovskaia, Sofia Morese, Roberto Paolino, Giovanni Donati, Michele Ricci, Francesca Coco, Valeria Ricci, Francesco Candi, Eleonora Abeni, Damiano Dellambra, Elena |
author_facet | Fania, Luca Didona, Dario Di Pietro, Francesca Romana Verkhovskaia, Sofia Morese, Roberto Paolino, Giovanni Donati, Michele Ricci, Francesca Coco, Valeria Ricci, Francesco Candi, Eleonora Abeni, Damiano Dellambra, Elena |
author_sort | Fania, Luca |
collection | PubMed |
description | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer, is a keratinocyte carcinoma representing one of the most common cancers with an increasing incidence. cSCC could be in situ (e.g., Bowen’s disease) or an invasive form. A significant cSCC risk factor is advanced age, together with cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, prolonged immunosuppression, and previous skin cancer diagnoses. Although most cSCCs can be treated by surgery, a fraction of them recur and metastasize, leading to death. cSCC could arise de novo or be the result of a progression of the actinic keratosis, an in situ carcinoma. The multistage process of cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes. Thus, cSCC development is a gradual process with several histological- and pathological-defined stages. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of cSCC. Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for invasive cSCC. Moreover, radiotherapy may be considered as a primary treatment in patients not candidates for surgery. Extensive studies of cSCC pathogenic mechanisms identified several pharmaceutical targets and allowed the development of new systemic therapies, including immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Cemiplimab, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors for metastatic and locally advanced cSCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has been useful in patient management. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7916193 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79161932021-03-01 Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches Fania, Luca Didona, Dario Di Pietro, Francesca Romana Verkhovskaia, Sofia Morese, Roberto Paolino, Giovanni Donati, Michele Ricci, Francesca Coco, Valeria Ricci, Francesco Candi, Eleonora Abeni, Damiano Dellambra, Elena Biomedicines Review Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a non-melanoma skin cancer, is a keratinocyte carcinoma representing one of the most common cancers with an increasing incidence. cSCC could be in situ (e.g., Bowen’s disease) or an invasive form. A significant cSCC risk factor is advanced age, together with cumulative sun exposure, fair skin, prolonged immunosuppression, and previous skin cancer diagnoses. Although most cSCCs can be treated by surgery, a fraction of them recur and metastasize, leading to death. cSCC could arise de novo or be the result of a progression of the actinic keratosis, an in situ carcinoma. The multistage process of cSCC development and progression is characterized by mutations in the genes involved in epidermal homeostasis and by several alterations, such as epigenetic modifications, viral infections, or microenvironmental changes. Thus, cSCC development is a gradual process with several histological- and pathological-defined stages. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy enhanced the diagnostic accuracy of cSCC. Surgical excision is the first-line treatment for invasive cSCC. Moreover, radiotherapy may be considered as a primary treatment in patients not candidates for surgery. Extensive studies of cSCC pathogenic mechanisms identified several pharmaceutical targets and allowed the development of new systemic therapies, including immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as Cemiplimab, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors for metastatic and locally advanced cSCC. Furthermore, the implementation of prevention measures has been useful in patient management. MDPI 2021-02-09 /pmc/articles/PMC7916193/ /pubmed/33572373 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020171 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Fania, Luca Didona, Dario Di Pietro, Francesca Romana Verkhovskaia, Sofia Morese, Roberto Paolino, Giovanni Donati, Michele Ricci, Francesca Coco, Valeria Ricci, Francesco Candi, Eleonora Abeni, Damiano Dellambra, Elena Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches |
title | Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches |
title_full | Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches |
title_fullStr | Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches |
title_full_unstemmed | Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches |
title_short | Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches |
title_sort | cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7916193/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33572373 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020171 |
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