Elicitors Modulate Young Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) Growth, Heartwood Formation, and Concrete Oil Synthesis

Five chemical elicitors––6-benzyladenine (BA), ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and calcium chloride (CaCl(2))––were used to treat 1- and 5-year-old sandal trees (Santalum album L.) to assess their effects on growth, heartwood formation and concrete oil synthesis. The results showed that some newly formed branches in stems that were induced by BA and ETH displayed leaf senescence and developed new smaller and light-green leaves. The relative percentage of concrete oil from the heartwood of water-treated trees (0.65%) was significantly lower than that from trees treated with 4 mM H(2)O(2) (2.85%) and 4 mM BA (2.75%) within one year. Four mM BA, H(2)O(2) and CaCl(2) induced a significantly higher level of sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM of these elicitors. Four mM MeJA induced significantly less sesquiterpenoids than heartwood treated with 2 mM MeJA. Morphological, physiological, and chromatographic–spectrometric technologies were integrated to trace the potential function of these exogenously applied chemical elicitors. The results may have important applications and provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of heartwood formation and hardening in young sandalwood trees.