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Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations
The high prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities has reached pandemic proportions, particularly in Western countries. Obesity increases the risk to develop several chronic noncommunicable disease, ultimately contributing to reduced survival. Recently, obesity has been recognized as m...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7923945/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33765600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.038 |
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author | Cava, Edda Neri, Barbara Carbonelli, Maria Grazia Riso, Sergio Carbone, Salvatore |
author_facet | Cava, Edda Neri, Barbara Carbonelli, Maria Grazia Riso, Sergio Carbone, Salvatore |
author_sort | Cava, Edda |
collection | PubMed |
description | The high prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities has reached pandemic proportions, particularly in Western countries. Obesity increases the risk to develop several chronic noncommunicable disease, ultimately contributing to reduced survival. Recently, obesity has been recognized as major risk factor for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related prognosis, contributing to worse outcomes in those with established COVID-19. Particularly, obesity has been associated with higher hospitalization rates in acute or intensive care and greater risk for invasive mechanical ventilation than lean people. Obesity is characterized by metabolic impairments and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that causes a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, further aggravating the cytokine production and risk of cytokine storm response during Sars-Cov2 sepsis or other secondary infections. Moreover, the metabolic dysregulations are closely related to an impaired immune system and altered response to viral infection that can ultimately lead to a greater susceptibility to infections, longer viral shedding and greater duration of illness and severity of the disease. In individuals with obesity, maintaining a healthy diet, remaining physically active and reducing sedentary behaviors are particularly important during COVID-19-related quarantine to reduce metabolic and immune impairments. Moreover, such stategies are of utmost importance to reduce the risk for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, and to prevent a reduction and potentially even increase cardiorespiratory fitness, a well-known independent risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and recently found to be a risk factor also for hospitalizations secondary to COVID-19. Such lifestyle strategies may ultimately reduce morbility and mortality in patients with infectious disease, especially in those with concomitant obesity. The aim of this review is to discuss how obesity might increase the risk of COVID-19 and potentially affect its prognosis once COVID-19 is diagnosed. We therefore advocate for implementation of strategies aimed at preventing obesity in the first place, but also to minimize the metabolic anomalies that may lead to a compromized immune response and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, especially in patients with COVID-19. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7923945 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79239452021-03-03 Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations Cava, Edda Neri, Barbara Carbonelli, Maria Grazia Riso, Sergio Carbone, Salvatore Clin Nutr Narrative Review The high prevalence of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities has reached pandemic proportions, particularly in Western countries. Obesity increases the risk to develop several chronic noncommunicable disease, ultimately contributing to reduced survival. Recently, obesity has been recognized as major risk factor for coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related prognosis, contributing to worse outcomes in those with established COVID-19. Particularly, obesity has been associated with higher hospitalization rates in acute or intensive care and greater risk for invasive mechanical ventilation than lean people. Obesity is characterized by metabolic impairments and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation that causes a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, further aggravating the cytokine production and risk of cytokine storm response during Sars-Cov2 sepsis or other secondary infections. Moreover, the metabolic dysregulations are closely related to an impaired immune system and altered response to viral infection that can ultimately lead to a greater susceptibility to infections, longer viral shedding and greater duration of illness and severity of the disease. In individuals with obesity, maintaining a healthy diet, remaining physically active and reducing sedentary behaviors are particularly important during COVID-19-related quarantine to reduce metabolic and immune impairments. Moreover, such stategies are of utmost importance to reduce the risk for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, and to prevent a reduction and potentially even increase cardiorespiratory fitness, a well-known independent risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and recently found to be a risk factor also for hospitalizations secondary to COVID-19. Such lifestyle strategies may ultimately reduce morbility and mortality in patients with infectious disease, especially in those with concomitant obesity. The aim of this review is to discuss how obesity might increase the risk of COVID-19 and potentially affect its prognosis once COVID-19 is diagnosed. We therefore advocate for implementation of strategies aimed at preventing obesity in the first place, but also to minimize the metabolic anomalies that may lead to a compromized immune response and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, especially in patients with COVID-19. Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. 2021-04 2021-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7923945/ /pubmed/33765600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.038 Text en © 2021 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Narrative Review Cava, Edda Neri, Barbara Carbonelli, Maria Grazia Riso, Sergio Carbone, Salvatore Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations |
title | Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations |
title_full | Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations |
title_fullStr | Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations |
title_full_unstemmed | Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations |
title_short | Obesity pandemic during COVID-19 outbreak: Narrative review and future considerations |
title_sort | obesity pandemic during covid-19 outbreak: narrative review and future considerations |
topic | Narrative Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7923945/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33765600 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.02.038 |
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