Nanocrystalline TiO(2)/Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes for Lithium–Sulfur Battery

This paper evaluates the influence of the morphology, surface area, and surface modification of carbonaceous additives on the performance of the corresponding cathode in a lithium–sulfur battery. The structure of sulfur composite cathodes with mesoporous carbon, activated carbon, and electrochemical carbon is studied by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption measurements, and Raman spectroscopy. The sulfur cathode containing electrochemical carbon with the specific surface area of 1606.6 m(2) g(−1) exhibits the best electrochemical performance and provides a charge capacity of almost 650 mAh g(−1) in cyclic voltammetry at a 0.1 mV s(−1) scan rate and up to 1300 mAh g(−1) in galvanostatic chronopotentiometry at a 0.1 C rate. This excellent electrochemical behavior is ascribed to the high dispersity of electrochemical carbon, enabling a perfect encapsulation of sulfur. The surface modification of carbonaceous additives by TiO(2) has a positive effect on the electrochemical performance of sulfur composites with mesoporous and activated carbons, but it causes a loss of dispersity and a consequent decrease of the charge capacity of the sulfur composite with electrochemical carbon. The composite of sulfur with TiO(2)-modified activated carbon exhibited the charge capacity of 393 mAh g(−1) in cyclic voltammetry and up to 493 mAh g(−1) in galvanostatic chronopotentiometry. The presence of an additional Sigracell carbon felt interlayer further improves the electrochemical performance of cells with activated carbon, electrochemical carbon, and nanocrystalline TiO(2)-modified activated carbon. This positive effect is most pronounced in the case of activated carbon modified by nanocrystalline TiO(2). However, it is not boosted by additional coverage by TiO(2) or SnO(2), which is probably due to the blocking of pores.