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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications

Introduction: Cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic peptides has been detected on T-cells from pre-pandemic donors due to recognition of conserved protein fragments within members of the coronavirus's family. Further, preexisting antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 with conserved epitopes in t...

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Autores principales: Dalakas, Marinos C., Bitzogli, Kleopatra, Alexopoulos, Harry
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7925824/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33679770
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.627285
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author Dalakas, Marinos C.
Bitzogli, Kleopatra
Alexopoulos, Harry
author_facet Dalakas, Marinos C.
Bitzogli, Kleopatra
Alexopoulos, Harry
author_sort Dalakas, Marinos C.
collection PubMed
description Introduction: Cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic peptides has been detected on T-cells from pre-pandemic donors due to recognition of conserved protein fragments within members of the coronavirus's family. Further, preexisting antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 with conserved epitopes in the spike region have been now seen in uninfected individuals. High-dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg), derived from thousands of healthy donors, contains natural IgG antibodies against various antigens which can be detected both within the IVIg preparations and in the serum of IVIg-receiving patients. Whether IVIg preparations from pre-pandemic donors also contain antibodies against pre-pandemic coronaviruses or autoreactive antibodies that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes, is unknown. Methods: 13 samples from 5 commercial IVIg preparations from pre-pandemic donors (HyQvia (Baxalta Innovations GmbH); Privigen (CSL Behring); Intratect (Biotest AG); IgVena (Kedrion S.p.A); and Flebogamma (Grifols S.A.) were blindly screened using a semi-quantitative FDA-approved and validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany). Results: Nine of thirteen preparations (69.2%), all from two different manufactures, were antibody-positive based on the defined cut-off positivity (index of sample OD to calibrator OD > 1.1). From one manufacturer, 7/7 lots (100%) and from another 2/3 lots (67%), tested positive for cross-reacting antibodies. 7/9 of the positive preparations (77%) had titers as seen in asymptomatically infected individuals or recent COVID19-recovered patients, while 2/9 (23%) had higher titers, comparable to those seen in patients with active symptomatic COVID-19 infection (index > 2.2). Conclusion: Pre-pandemic IVIg donors have either natural autoantibodies or pre-pandemic cross-reactive antibodies against antigenic protein fragments conserved among the “common cold” - related coronaviruses. The findings are important in: (a) assessing true anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG seroprevalence avoiding false positivity in IVIg-receiving patients; (b) exploring potential protective benefits in patients with immune-mediated conditions and immunodeficiencies receiving acute or chronic maintenance IVIg therapy, and (c) validating data from a recent controlled study that showed significantly lower in-hospital mortality in the IVIg- treated group.
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spelling pubmed-79258242021-03-04 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications Dalakas, Marinos C. Bitzogli, Kleopatra Alexopoulos, Harry Front Immunol Immunology Introduction: Cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic peptides has been detected on T-cells from pre-pandemic donors due to recognition of conserved protein fragments within members of the coronavirus's family. Further, preexisting antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 with conserved epitopes in the spike region have been now seen in uninfected individuals. High-dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIg), derived from thousands of healthy donors, contains natural IgG antibodies against various antigens which can be detected both within the IVIg preparations and in the serum of IVIg-receiving patients. Whether IVIg preparations from pre-pandemic donors also contain antibodies against pre-pandemic coronaviruses or autoreactive antibodies that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes, is unknown. Methods: 13 samples from 5 commercial IVIg preparations from pre-pandemic donors (HyQvia (Baxalta Innovations GmbH); Privigen (CSL Behring); Intratect (Biotest AG); IgVena (Kedrion S.p.A); and Flebogamma (Grifols S.A.) were blindly screened using a semi-quantitative FDA-approved and validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun, Lubeck, Germany). Results: Nine of thirteen preparations (69.2%), all from two different manufactures, were antibody-positive based on the defined cut-off positivity (index of sample OD to calibrator OD > 1.1). From one manufacturer, 7/7 lots (100%) and from another 2/3 lots (67%), tested positive for cross-reacting antibodies. 7/9 of the positive preparations (77%) had titers as seen in asymptomatically infected individuals or recent COVID19-recovered patients, while 2/9 (23%) had higher titers, comparable to those seen in patients with active symptomatic COVID-19 infection (index > 2.2). Conclusion: Pre-pandemic IVIg donors have either natural autoantibodies or pre-pandemic cross-reactive antibodies against antigenic protein fragments conserved among the “common cold” - related coronaviruses. The findings are important in: (a) assessing true anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG seroprevalence avoiding false positivity in IVIg-receiving patients; (b) exploring potential protective benefits in patients with immune-mediated conditions and immunodeficiencies receiving acute or chronic maintenance IVIg therapy, and (c) validating data from a recent controlled study that showed significantly lower in-hospital mortality in the IVIg- treated group. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7925824/ /pubmed/33679770 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.627285 Text en Copyright © 2021 Dalakas, Bitzogli and Alexopoulos. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Immunology
Dalakas, Marinos C.
Bitzogli, Kleopatra
Alexopoulos, Harry
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications
title Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications
title_full Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications
title_fullStr Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications
title_full_unstemmed Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications
title_short Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Within IVIg Preparations: Cross-Reactivities With Seasonal Coronaviruses, Natural Autoimmunity, and Therapeutic Implications
title_sort anti-sars-cov-2 antibodies within ivig preparations: cross-reactivities with seasonal coronaviruses, natural autoimmunity, and therapeutic implications
topic Immunology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7925824/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33679770
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.627285
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