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Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity

Over 650 million adults are obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. However, compiled estimates suggest that from 5 to 40% of obese individuals do not experience metabolic or car...

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Autores principales: Ruggiero, Alistaire D., Key, Chia-Chi Chuang, Kavanagh, Kylie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7925825/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33681276
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.625331
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author Ruggiero, Alistaire D.
Key, Chia-Chi Chuang
Kavanagh, Kylie
author_facet Ruggiero, Alistaire D.
Key, Chia-Chi Chuang
Kavanagh, Kylie
author_sort Ruggiero, Alistaire D.
collection PubMed
description Over 650 million adults are obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. However, compiled estimates suggest that from 5 to 40% of obese individuals do not experience metabolic or cardiovascular complications. The existence of the metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotypes suggests that underlying differences exist in both tissues and overall systemic function. Macrophage accumulation in white adipose tissue (AT) in obesity is typically associated with insulin resistance. However, as plastic cells, macrophages respond to stimuli in their microenvironments, altering their polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, depending on the state of their surroundings. The dichotomous nature of MHO and MUO clinical phenotypes suggests that differences in white AT function dictate local inflammatory responses by driving changes in macrophage subtypes. As obesity requires extensive AT expansion, we posit that remodeling capacity with adipose expansion potentiates favorable macrophage profiles in MHO as compared with MUO individuals. In this review, we discuss how differences in adipogenesis, AT extracellular matrix deposition and breakdown, and AT angiogenesis perpetuate altered AT macrophage profiles in MUO compared with MHO. We discuss how non-autonomous effects of remote organ systems, including the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system, interact with white adipose favorably in MHO. Preferential AT macrophage profiles in MHO stem from sustained AT function and improved overall fitness and systemic health.
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spelling pubmed-79258252021-03-04 Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity Ruggiero, Alistaire D. Key, Chia-Chi Chuang Kavanagh, Kylie Front Nutr Nutrition Over 650 million adults are obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) worldwide. Obesity is commonly associated with several comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. However, compiled estimates suggest that from 5 to 40% of obese individuals do not experience metabolic or cardiovascular complications. The existence of the metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) and the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotypes suggests that underlying differences exist in both tissues and overall systemic function. Macrophage accumulation in white adipose tissue (AT) in obesity is typically associated with insulin resistance. However, as plastic cells, macrophages respond to stimuli in their microenvironments, altering their polarization between pro- and anti-inflammatory phenotypes, depending on the state of their surroundings. The dichotomous nature of MHO and MUO clinical phenotypes suggests that differences in white AT function dictate local inflammatory responses by driving changes in macrophage subtypes. As obesity requires extensive AT expansion, we posit that remodeling capacity with adipose expansion potentiates favorable macrophage profiles in MHO as compared with MUO individuals. In this review, we discuss how differences in adipogenesis, AT extracellular matrix deposition and breakdown, and AT angiogenesis perpetuate altered AT macrophage profiles in MUO compared with MHO. We discuss how non-autonomous effects of remote organ systems, including the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system, interact with white adipose favorably in MHO. Preferential AT macrophage profiles in MHO stem from sustained AT function and improved overall fitness and systemic health. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7925825/ /pubmed/33681276 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.625331 Text en Copyright © 2021 Ruggiero, Key and Kavanagh. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Nutrition
Ruggiero, Alistaire D.
Key, Chia-Chi Chuang
Kavanagh, Kylie
Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity
title Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity
title_full Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity
title_fullStr Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity
title_full_unstemmed Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity
title_short Adipose Tissue Macrophage Polarization in Healthy and Unhealthy Obesity
title_sort adipose tissue macrophage polarization in healthy and unhealthy obesity
topic Nutrition
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7925825/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33681276
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.625331
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