The Structural Understanding of Transthyretin Misfolding and the Inspired Drug Approaches for the Treatment of Heart Failure Associated With Transthyretin Amyloidosis

Substantial controversies exist in the exploration of the molecular mechanism of heart failure (HF) and pose challenges to the diagnosis of HF and the discovery of specific drugs for the treatment. Recently, cardiac transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis is becoming recognized as one of major causes of underdiagnosed HF. The investigation and modulation of TTR misfolding and amyloidal aggregation open up a new revenue to reveal the molecular mechanisms of HF and provide new possibilities for the treatment of HF. The aim of this review is to briefly introduce the recent advances in the study of TTR native and misfolding structures, discuss the correlation between the genotype and phenotype of cardiac TTR amyloidosis, and summarize the therapeutic applications of TTR structural stabilizers in the treatment of TTR amyloidosis-associated HF.