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Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly pr...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7930837/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33680991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009 |
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author | Samant, Mukesh Sahu, Utkarsha Pandey, Satish Chandra Khare, Prashant |
author_facet | Samant, Mukesh Sahu, Utkarsha Pandey, Satish Chandra Khare, Prashant |
author_sort | Samant, Mukesh |
collection | PubMed |
description | Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7930837 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79308372021-03-05 Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis Samant, Mukesh Sahu, Utkarsha Pandey, Satish Chandra Khare, Prashant Front Cell Infect Microbiol Cellular and Infection Microbiology Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7930837/ /pubmed/33680991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009 Text en Copyright © 2021 Samant, Sahu, Pandey and Khare http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Cellular and Infection Microbiology Samant, Mukesh Sahu, Utkarsha Pandey, Satish Chandra Khare, Prashant Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis |
title | Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis |
title_full | Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis |
title_fullStr | Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis |
title_full_unstemmed | Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis |
title_short | Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis |
title_sort | role of cytokines in experimental and human visceral leishmaniasis |
topic | Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7930837/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33680991 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009 |
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