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Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain
BACKGROUND: The emergence and rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major challenge to health services, and has disrupted social and economic activities worldwide. In Spain, the first pandemic wave started in mid-March 2020 and lasted for 3...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7934652/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33684560 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.115 |
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author | Soriano, Vicente Ganado-Pinilla, Pilar Sanchez-Santos, Miguel Gómez-Gallego, Felix Barreiro, Pablo de Mendoza, Carmen Corral, Octavio |
author_facet | Soriano, Vicente Ganado-Pinilla, Pilar Sanchez-Santos, Miguel Gómez-Gallego, Felix Barreiro, Pablo de Mendoza, Carmen Corral, Octavio |
author_sort | Soriano, Vicente |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: The emergence and rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major challenge to health services, and has disrupted social and economic activities worldwide. In Spain, the first pandemic wave started in mid-March 2020 and lasted for 3 months, requiring home confinement and strict lockdown. Following relaxation of the measures during the summer, a second wave commenced in mid-September 2020 and extended until Christmas 2020. METHODS: The two pandemic waves were compared using information collected from rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction assays at one university clinic in Madrid, the epicentre of the pandemic in Spain. RESULTS: In total, 1569 individuals (968 during the first wave and 601 during the second wave) were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies using fingerprick capillary blood. In addition, during the second wave, 346 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antigen using either oral swabs or saliva. The overall seroprevalence of first-time-tested individuals was 12.6% during the first wave and 7.7% during the second wave (P < 0.01). Seroconversions and seroreversions within 6 months occurred at low rates, both below 5%. During the second wave, 3.5% of tested individuals were SARS-CoV-2 antigen positive, with two cases considered as re-infections. Severe clinical symptoms occurred in a greater proportion of cases during the first wave compared with the second wave (27.8% vs 10.6%, respectively; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The cumulative seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Madrid at the end of 2020 was approximately 20%. Seroreversions within 6 months occurred in 4% of cases. Seroconversions and re-infections were clinically less severe during the second wave than during the first wave. Hypothetically, a lower viral inoculum as a result of social distancing, increased use of face masks, promotion of outdoor activities and restrictions on gatherings may have contributed to this lower pathogenicity. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7934652 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79346522021-03-05 Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain Soriano, Vicente Ganado-Pinilla, Pilar Sanchez-Santos, Miguel Gómez-Gallego, Felix Barreiro, Pablo de Mendoza, Carmen Corral, Octavio Int J Infect Dis Short Communication BACKGROUND: The emergence and rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) represents a major challenge to health services, and has disrupted social and economic activities worldwide. In Spain, the first pandemic wave started in mid-March 2020 and lasted for 3 months, requiring home confinement and strict lockdown. Following relaxation of the measures during the summer, a second wave commenced in mid-September 2020 and extended until Christmas 2020. METHODS: The two pandemic waves were compared using information collected from rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction assays at one university clinic in Madrid, the epicentre of the pandemic in Spain. RESULTS: In total, 1569 individuals (968 during the first wave and 601 during the second wave) were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies using fingerprick capillary blood. In addition, during the second wave, 346 individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antigen using either oral swabs or saliva. The overall seroprevalence of first-time-tested individuals was 12.6% during the first wave and 7.7% during the second wave (P < 0.01). Seroconversions and seroreversions within 6 months occurred at low rates, both below 5%. During the second wave, 3.5% of tested individuals were SARS-CoV-2 antigen positive, with two cases considered as re-infections. Severe clinical symptoms occurred in a greater proportion of cases during the first wave compared with the second wave (27.8% vs 10.6%, respectively; P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The cumulative seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Madrid at the end of 2020 was approximately 20%. Seroreversions within 6 months occurred in 4% of cases. Seroconversions and re-infections were clinically less severe during the second wave than during the first wave. Hypothetically, a lower viral inoculum as a result of social distancing, increased use of face masks, promotion of outdoor activities and restrictions on gatherings may have contributed to this lower pathogenicity. The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2021-04 2021-03-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7934652/ /pubmed/33684560 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.115 Text en © 2021 The Author(s) Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
spellingShingle | Short Communication Soriano, Vicente Ganado-Pinilla, Pilar Sanchez-Santos, Miguel Gómez-Gallego, Felix Barreiro, Pablo de Mendoza, Carmen Corral, Octavio Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain |
title | Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain |
title_full | Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain |
title_fullStr | Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain |
title_full_unstemmed | Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain |
title_short | Main differences between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Madrid, Spain |
title_sort | main differences between the first and second waves of covid-19 in madrid, spain |
topic | Short Communication |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7934652/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33684560 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.115 |
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