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Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats
BACKGROUND: Temporal estimation can be influenced by pain, which is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon. However, the time range in which perception is most sensitive to pain remains unclear. METHODS: In the present study, we explored the effects of acute inflammatory pain on time p...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
PeerJ Inc.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7934679/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33717706 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11002 |
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author | Liu, Xinhe Wang, Ning Wang, Jinyan Luo, Fei |
author_facet | Liu, Xinhe Wang, Ning Wang, Jinyan Luo, Fei |
author_sort | Liu, Xinhe |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Temporal estimation can be influenced by pain, which is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon. However, the time range in which perception is most sensitive to pain remains unclear. METHODS: In the present study, we explored the effects of acute inflammatory pain on time perception in the sub- to supra-second (0.6–2.4-s) and supra-second (2–8-s) ranges in rats. Plantar formalin injection was used to induce acute inflammatory pain, and a temporal bisection task was used to measure time perception. Task test sessions were held for five consecutive days (one per day): the day before injection (baseline), immediately after injection, and the three post-injection days. The point of subjective equality (PSE, which reflects the subjective duration) and Weber fraction (which reflects temporal sensitivity) were calculated and analysed. RESULTS: In the 0.6–2.4-s range, the PSE was significantly lower, indicating prolonged subjective duration, in the formalin group relative to the saline group (p = 0.049) immediately after injection. Formalin-induced pain also tended to lengthened time perception in the 0.6–2.4-s range on post-injection days 2 (p = 0.06) and 3 (p = 0.054). In the 2–8-s range, formalin injection did not affect the PSE or Weber fraction. CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced effect of pain on temporal perception in the sub- to supra-second range is observed in this study and this effect is attenuated with the prolongation of estimated time, even in rats. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7934679 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79346792021-03-11 Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats Liu, Xinhe Wang, Ning Wang, Jinyan Luo, Fei PeerJ Animal Behavior BACKGROUND: Temporal estimation can be influenced by pain, which is a complex psychological and physiological phenomenon. However, the time range in which perception is most sensitive to pain remains unclear. METHODS: In the present study, we explored the effects of acute inflammatory pain on time perception in the sub- to supra-second (0.6–2.4-s) and supra-second (2–8-s) ranges in rats. Plantar formalin injection was used to induce acute inflammatory pain, and a temporal bisection task was used to measure time perception. Task test sessions were held for five consecutive days (one per day): the day before injection (baseline), immediately after injection, and the three post-injection days. The point of subjective equality (PSE, which reflects the subjective duration) and Weber fraction (which reflects temporal sensitivity) were calculated and analysed. RESULTS: In the 0.6–2.4-s range, the PSE was significantly lower, indicating prolonged subjective duration, in the formalin group relative to the saline group (p = 0.049) immediately after injection. Formalin-induced pain also tended to lengthened time perception in the 0.6–2.4-s range on post-injection days 2 (p = 0.06) and 3 (p = 0.054). In the 2–8-s range, formalin injection did not affect the PSE or Weber fraction. CONCLUSIONS: The enhanced effect of pain on temporal perception in the sub- to supra-second range is observed in this study and this effect is attenuated with the prolongation of estimated time, even in rats. PeerJ Inc. 2021-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7934679/ /pubmed/33717706 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11002 Text en ©2021 Liu et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. |
spellingShingle | Animal Behavior Liu, Xinhe Wang, Ning Wang, Jinyan Luo, Fei Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
title | Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
title_full | Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
title_fullStr | Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
title_full_unstemmed | Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
title_short | Formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
title_sort | formalin-induced pain prolongs sub- to supra-second time estimation in rats |
topic | Animal Behavior |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7934679/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33717706 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11002 |
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