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Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm
Bacterial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can be life threatening and often impair neurological function. Biofilm infection is a complication following craniotomy, a neurosurgical procedure that involves the removal and replacement of a skull fragment (bone flap) to access the brain f...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7940520/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33708216 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.625467 |
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author | de Morais, Sharon DB Kak, Gunjan Menousek, Joseph P. Kielian, Tammy |
author_facet | de Morais, Sharon DB Kak, Gunjan Menousek, Joseph P. Kielian, Tammy |
author_sort | de Morais, Sharon DB |
collection | PubMed |
description | Bacterial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can be life threatening and often impair neurological function. Biofilm infection is a complication following craniotomy, a neurosurgical procedure that involves the removal and replacement of a skull fragment (bone flap) to access the brain for surgical intervention. The incidence of infection following craniotomy ranges from 1% to 3% with approximately half caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These infections present a significant therapeutic challenge due to the antibiotic tolerance of biofilm and unique immune properties of the CNS. Previous studies have revealed a critical role for innate immune responses during S. aureus craniotomy infection. Experiments using knockout mouse models have highlighted the importance of the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its adaptor protein MyD88 for preventing S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy biofilm infection. However, neither molecule affected bacterial burden in a mouse model of S. aureus brain abscess highlighting the distinctions between immune regulation of biofilm vs. planktonic infection in the CNS. Furthermore, the immune responses elicited during S. aureus craniotomy infection are distinct from biofilm infection in the periphery, emphasizing the critical role for niche-specific factors in dictating S. aureus biofilm-leukocyte crosstalk. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning innate immunity to S. aureus craniotomy biofilm infection, compare this to S. aureus biofilm infection in the periphery, and discuss the importance of anatomical location in dictating how biofilm influences inflammatory responses and its impact on bacterial clearance. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7940520 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79405202021-03-10 Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm de Morais, Sharon DB Kak, Gunjan Menousek, Joseph P. Kielian, Tammy Front Immunol Immunology Bacterial infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can be life threatening and often impair neurological function. Biofilm infection is a complication following craniotomy, a neurosurgical procedure that involves the removal and replacement of a skull fragment (bone flap) to access the brain for surgical intervention. The incidence of infection following craniotomy ranges from 1% to 3% with approximately half caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). These infections present a significant therapeutic challenge due to the antibiotic tolerance of biofilm and unique immune properties of the CNS. Previous studies have revealed a critical role for innate immune responses during S. aureus craniotomy infection. Experiments using knockout mouse models have highlighted the importance of the pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its adaptor protein MyD88 for preventing S. aureus outgrowth during craniotomy biofilm infection. However, neither molecule affected bacterial burden in a mouse model of S. aureus brain abscess highlighting the distinctions between immune regulation of biofilm vs. planktonic infection in the CNS. Furthermore, the immune responses elicited during S. aureus craniotomy infection are distinct from biofilm infection in the periphery, emphasizing the critical role for niche-specific factors in dictating S. aureus biofilm-leukocyte crosstalk. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning innate immunity to S. aureus craniotomy biofilm infection, compare this to S. aureus biofilm infection in the periphery, and discuss the importance of anatomical location in dictating how biofilm influences inflammatory responses and its impact on bacterial clearance. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7940520/ /pubmed/33708216 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.625467 Text en Copyright © 2021 de Morais, Kak, Menousek and Kielian http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology de Morais, Sharon DB Kak, Gunjan Menousek, Joseph P. Kielian, Tammy Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm |
title | Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm |
title_full | Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm |
title_fullStr | Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm |
title_full_unstemmed | Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm |
title_short | Immunopathogenesis of Craniotomy Infection and Niche-Specific Immune Responses to Biofilm |
title_sort | immunopathogenesis of craniotomy infection and niche-specific immune responses to biofilm |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7940520/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33708216 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.625467 |
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