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A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates

Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in ver...

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Autores principales: Vélez, Emilio J., Unniappan, Suraj
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7940767/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33708174
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.614981
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author Vélez, Emilio J.
Unniappan, Suraj
author_facet Vélez, Emilio J.
Unniappan, Suraj
author_sort Vélez, Emilio J.
collection PubMed
description Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1–like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic.
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spelling pubmed-79407672021-03-10 A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates Vélez, Emilio J. Unniappan, Suraj Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology Growth hormone (GH), mainly produced from the pituitary somatotrophs is a key endocrine regulator of somatic growth. GH, a pleiotropic hormone, is also involved in regulating vital processes, including nutrition, reproduction, physical activity, neuroprotection, immunity, and osmotic pressure in vertebrates. The dysregulation of the pituitary GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) affects many cellular processes associated with growth promotion, including protein synthesis, cell proliferation and metabolism, leading to growth disorders. The metabolic and growth effects of GH have interesting applications in different fields, including the livestock industry and aquaculture. The latest discoveries on new regulators of pituitary GH synthesis and secretion deserve our attention. These novel regulators include the stimulators adropin, klotho, and the fibroblast growth factors, as well as the inhibitors, nucleobindin-encoded peptides (nesfatin-1 and nesfatin-1–like peptide) and irisin. This review aims for a comparative analysis of our current understanding of the endocrine regulation of GH from the pituitary of vertebrates. In addition, we will consider useful pharmacological molecules (i.e. stimulators and inhibitors of the GH signaling pathways) that are important in studying GH and somatotroph biology. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview and update on GH regulators in 2020. While an extensive review of each of the GH regulators and an in-depth analysis of specifics are beyond its scope, we have compiled information on the main endogenous and pharmacological regulators to facilitate an easy access. Overall, this review aims to serve as a resource on GH endocrinology for a beginner to intermediate level knowledge seeker on this topic. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-02-23 /pmc/articles/PMC7940767/ /pubmed/33708174 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.614981 Text en Copyright © 2021 Vélez and Unniappan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Endocrinology
Vélez, Emilio J.
Unniappan, Suraj
A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
title A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
title_full A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
title_fullStr A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
title_full_unstemmed A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
title_short A Comparative Update on the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Growth Hormone in Vertebrates
title_sort comparative update on the neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone in vertebrates
topic Endocrinology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7940767/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33708174
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.614981
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