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Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis
BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that food variety—the presence of multiple foods and/or sensory characteristics within and across meals—increases intake. However, studies report mixed findings, and effect size remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to 1...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Oxford University Press
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7948867/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33515033 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa352 |
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author | Embling, Rochelle Pink, Aimee E Gatzemeier, Jennifer Price, Menna D Lee, Michelle Wilkinson, Laura L |
author_facet | Embling, Rochelle Pink, Aimee E Gatzemeier, Jennifer Price, Menna D Lee, Michelle Wilkinson, Laura L |
author_sort | Embling, Rochelle |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that food variety—the presence of multiple foods and/or sensory characteristics within and across meals—increases intake. However, studies report mixed findings, and effect size remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to 1) synthesize data across experimental studies that examined effects of variety on total meal intake, relative to a control condition with comparatively less variety; 2) quantify support for this effect; and 3) assist in the identification of important moderating factors (registration: CRD42019153585). METHODS: In November 2019, we searched the following databases for relevant experimental studies, published in English from 1980, with human participants: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, PsycINFO, and OpenGrey. This search was updated in September 2020. Means, standard deviations, and sample sizes were extracted from included articles, and Hedges' g was used to calculate effect sizes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RESULTS: Of 7259 references identified in an initial search, 34 articles consisting of 37 studies contained sufficient information for review, and data from 30 studies (39 comparisons) were included in the meta-analysis. Results from a random-effects model showed a significant small to medium effect of variety on intake (in weight and energy), with greater variety being associated with increased consumption (Hedges' g = 0.405; 95% CI: 0.259, 0.552). However, heterogeneity was considerable across studies (I(2) = 84%), and this was unexplained by subgroup analyses based on form of variety, test foods, sensory characteristics, age, sex, and body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the conclusion that variety is a robust driver of food intake. However, risk of bias was high across studies, and this review highlights methodologic limitations of studies. It is recommended that further attention is given to the development of preregistered, well-powered randomized controlled studies in eating behavior research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7948867 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79488672021-03-16 Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis Embling, Rochelle Pink, Aimee E Gatzemeier, Jennifer Price, Menna D Lee, Michelle Wilkinson, Laura L Am J Clin Nutr Original Research Communications BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that food variety—the presence of multiple foods and/or sensory characteristics within and across meals—increases intake. However, studies report mixed findings, and effect size remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to 1) synthesize data across experimental studies that examined effects of variety on total meal intake, relative to a control condition with comparatively less variety; 2) quantify support for this effect; and 3) assist in the identification of important moderating factors (registration: CRD42019153585). METHODS: In November 2019, we searched the following databases for relevant experimental studies, published in English from 1980, with human participants: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, PsycINFO, and OpenGrey. This search was updated in September 2020. Means, standard deviations, and sample sizes were extracted from included articles, and Hedges' g was used to calculate effect sizes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RESULTS: Of 7259 references identified in an initial search, 34 articles consisting of 37 studies contained sufficient information for review, and data from 30 studies (39 comparisons) were included in the meta-analysis. Results from a random-effects model showed a significant small to medium effect of variety on intake (in weight and energy), with greater variety being associated with increased consumption (Hedges' g = 0.405; 95% CI: 0.259, 0.552). However, heterogeneity was considerable across studies (I(2) = 84%), and this was unexplained by subgroup analyses based on form of variety, test foods, sensory characteristics, age, sex, and body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the conclusion that variety is a robust driver of food intake. However, risk of bias was high across studies, and this review highlights methodologic limitations of studies. It is recommended that further attention is given to the development of preregistered, well-powered randomized controlled studies in eating behavior research. Oxford University Press 2021-01-29 /pmc/articles/PMC7948867/ /pubmed/33515033 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa352 Text en © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited |
spellingShingle | Original Research Communications Embling, Rochelle Pink, Aimee E Gatzemeier, Jennifer Price, Menna D Lee, Michelle Wilkinson, Laura L Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title | Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_full | Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_fullStr | Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_short | Effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
title_sort | effect of food variety on intake of a meal: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
topic | Original Research Communications |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7948867/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33515033 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa352 |
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