Different Features of Interleukin-37 and Interleukin-18 as Disease Activity Markers of Adult-Onset Still’s Disease

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of serum interleukin (IL)-37 and IL-18 as disease activity markers of adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) and to compare their related clinical features. Forty-five patients with a set of high and subsequent low disease activity status of AOSD were enrolled. Modified Pouchot (mPouchot) score and serologic disease activity markers including levels of IL-37 and IL-18 were compared between high and low disease activity status. The relationships between disease activity parameters and differences in levels of cytokines according to each disease manifestation were evaluated in high disease activity status. mPouchot score and all disease activity markers including IL-37 and IL-18 significantly declined after treatment. Though both cytokines positively correlated with mPouchot score, the two did not correlate with each other in high disease activity status. IL-18 positively correlated with ferritin, AST, and LDH while IL-37 correlated better with CRP. The expression level of IL-37 was related to leukocytosis while IL-18 was related to pleuritis, pneumonitis, abnormal LFT, and hyperferritinemia. In addition, patients in the IL-18 dominant group presented with higher LDH levels and required a higher mean corticosteroid dose. In conclusion, IL-37 and IL-18 are disease activity markers reflecting different aspects of AOSD that can complement each other.