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State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things
The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem comprises billions of heterogeneous Internet-connected devices which are revolutionizing many domains, such as healthcare, transportation, smart cities, to mention only a few. Along with the unprecedented new opportunities, the IoT revolution is creating an eno...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956325/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33668796 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051598 |
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author | Ankergård, Sigurd Frej Joel Jørgensen Dushku, Edlira Dragoni, Nicola |
author_facet | Ankergård, Sigurd Frej Joel Jørgensen Dushku, Edlira Dragoni, Nicola |
author_sort | Ankergård, Sigurd Frej Joel Jørgensen |
collection | PubMed |
description | The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem comprises billions of heterogeneous Internet-connected devices which are revolutionizing many domains, such as healthcare, transportation, smart cities, to mention only a few. Along with the unprecedented new opportunities, the IoT revolution is creating an enormous attack surface for potential sophisticated cyber attacks. In this context, Remote Attestation (RA) has gained wide interest as an important security technique to remotely detect adversarial presence and assure the legitimate state of an IoT device. While many RA approaches proposed in the literature make different assumptions regarding the architecture of IoT devices and adversary capabilities, most typical RA schemes rely on minimal Root of Trust by leveraging hardware that guarantees code and memory isolation. However, the presence of a specialized hardware is not always a realistic assumption, for instance, in the context of legacy IoT devices and resource-constrained IoT devices. In this paper, we survey and analyze existing software-based RA schemes (i.e., RA schemes not relying on specialized hardware components) through the lens of IoT. In particular, we provide a comprehensive overview of their design characteristics and security capabilities, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss the opportunities that these RA schemes bring in attesting legacy and resource-constrained IoT devices, along with open research issues. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7956325 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79563252021-03-15 State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things Ankergård, Sigurd Frej Joel Jørgensen Dushku, Edlira Dragoni, Nicola Sensors (Basel) Review The Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem comprises billions of heterogeneous Internet-connected devices which are revolutionizing many domains, such as healthcare, transportation, smart cities, to mention only a few. Along with the unprecedented new opportunities, the IoT revolution is creating an enormous attack surface for potential sophisticated cyber attacks. In this context, Remote Attestation (RA) has gained wide interest as an important security technique to remotely detect adversarial presence and assure the legitimate state of an IoT device. While many RA approaches proposed in the literature make different assumptions regarding the architecture of IoT devices and adversary capabilities, most typical RA schemes rely on minimal Root of Trust by leveraging hardware that guarantees code and memory isolation. However, the presence of a specialized hardware is not always a realistic assumption, for instance, in the context of legacy IoT devices and resource-constrained IoT devices. In this paper, we survey and analyze existing software-based RA schemes (i.e., RA schemes not relying on specialized hardware components) through the lens of IoT. In particular, we provide a comprehensive overview of their design characteristics and security capabilities, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss the opportunities that these RA schemes bring in attesting legacy and resource-constrained IoT devices, along with open research issues. MDPI 2021-02-25 /pmc/articles/PMC7956325/ /pubmed/33668796 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051598 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Ankergård, Sigurd Frej Joel Jørgensen Dushku, Edlira Dragoni, Nicola State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things |
title | State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things |
title_full | State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things |
title_fullStr | State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things |
title_full_unstemmed | State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things |
title_short | State-of-the-Art Software-Based Remote Attestation: Opportunities and Open Issues for Internet of Things |
title_sort | state-of-the-art software-based remote attestation: opportunities and open issues for internet of things |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956325/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33668796 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051598 |
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