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SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids

In this Review, we briefly describe the basic virology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting how stem cell technology and organoids can contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell tropisms and the mechanism of disease in the human host, supporting and clarifying findings from clinical...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Trevisan, Marta, Riccetti, Silvia, Sinigaglia, Alessandro, Barzon, Luisa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956599/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33652988
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052356
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author Trevisan, Marta
Riccetti, Silvia
Sinigaglia, Alessandro
Barzon, Luisa
author_facet Trevisan, Marta
Riccetti, Silvia
Sinigaglia, Alessandro
Barzon, Luisa
author_sort Trevisan, Marta
collection PubMed
description In this Review, we briefly describe the basic virology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting how stem cell technology and organoids can contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell tropisms and the mechanism of disease in the human host, supporting and clarifying findings from clinical studies in infected individuals. We summarize here the results of studies, which used these technologies to investigate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in different organs. Studies with in vitro models of lung epithelia showed that alveolar epithelial type II cells, but not differentiated lung alveolar epithelial type I cells, are key targets of SARS-CoV-2, which triggers cell apoptosis and inflammation, while impairing surfactant production. Experiments with human small intestinal organoids and colonic organoids showed that the gastrointestinal tract is another relevant target for SARS-CoV-2. The virus can infect and replicate in enterocytes and cholangiocytes, inducing cell damage and inflammation. Direct viral damage was also demonstrated in in vitro models of human cardiomyocytes and choroid plexus epithelial cells. At variance, endothelial cells and neurons are poorly susceptible to viral infection, thus supporting the hypothesis that neurological symptoms and vascular damage result from the indirect effects of systemic inflammatory and immunological hyper-responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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spelling pubmed-79565992021-03-16 SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids Trevisan, Marta Riccetti, Silvia Sinigaglia, Alessandro Barzon, Luisa Int J Mol Sci Review In this Review, we briefly describe the basic virology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, highlighting how stem cell technology and organoids can contribute to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 cell tropisms and the mechanism of disease in the human host, supporting and clarifying findings from clinical studies in infected individuals. We summarize here the results of studies, which used these technologies to investigate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in different organs. Studies with in vitro models of lung epithelia showed that alveolar epithelial type II cells, but not differentiated lung alveolar epithelial type I cells, are key targets of SARS-CoV-2, which triggers cell apoptosis and inflammation, while impairing surfactant production. Experiments with human small intestinal organoids and colonic organoids showed that the gastrointestinal tract is another relevant target for SARS-CoV-2. The virus can infect and replicate in enterocytes and cholangiocytes, inducing cell damage and inflammation. Direct viral damage was also demonstrated in in vitro models of human cardiomyocytes and choroid plexus epithelial cells. At variance, endothelial cells and neurons are poorly susceptible to viral infection, thus supporting the hypothesis that neurological symptoms and vascular damage result from the indirect effects of systemic inflammatory and immunological hyper-responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. MDPI 2021-02-26 /pmc/articles/PMC7956599/ /pubmed/33652988 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052356 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Trevisan, Marta
Riccetti, Silvia
Sinigaglia, Alessandro
Barzon, Luisa
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids
title SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids
title_full SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids
title_fullStr SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids
title_full_unstemmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids
title_short SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Disease Modelling Using Stem Cell Technology and Organoids
title_sort sars-cov-2 infection and disease modelling using stem cell technology and organoids
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956599/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33652988
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052356
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