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Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects
Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminum-magnesium (Al–Mg) ER5356 alloy deposits is accomplished by cold metal transfer (CMT). During the process, the temperature change of the alloy deposits has a great influence on molding quality, and the microstructure and properties of alloy deposits...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956743/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33668308 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051061 |
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author | Chen, Furong Yang, Yihang Feng, Hualong |
author_facet | Chen, Furong Yang, Yihang Feng, Hualong |
author_sort | Chen, Furong |
collection | PubMed |
description | Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminum-magnesium (Al–Mg) ER5356 alloy deposits is accomplished by cold metal transfer (CMT). During the process, the temperature change of the alloy deposits has a great influence on molding quality, and the microstructure and properties of alloy deposits are also affected by the complex thermal history of the additive manufacturing process. Here, we used an inter-layer cooling process and controlled the heat input process to attempt to reduce the influence of thermal history on alloy deposits during the additive process. The results showed that inter-layer cooling can optimize the molding quality of alloy deposits, but with the disadvantages of a long test time and slow deposition rate. A simple and uniform reduction of heat input makes the molding quality worse, but controlling the heat input by regions can optimize the molding quality of the alloy deposits. The thermophysical properties of Al-Mg alloy deposits were measured, and we found that the specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of alloy deposits were not obviously affected by the temperature. The microstructure and morphology of the deposited specimens were observed and analyzed by microscope and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). The process of controlled heat input results in a higher deposition rate, less side-wall roughness, minimum average grain size, and less coarse recrystallization. In addition, different thermal histories lead to different texture types in the inter-layer cooling process. Finally, a controlled heat input process yields the highest average microhardness of the deposited specimen, and the fluctuation range is small. We expect that the process of controlling heat input by model height region will be widely used in the WAAM field. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7956743 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79567432021-03-16 Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects Chen, Furong Yang, Yihang Feng, Hualong Materials (Basel) Article Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of aluminum-magnesium (Al–Mg) ER5356 alloy deposits is accomplished by cold metal transfer (CMT). During the process, the temperature change of the alloy deposits has a great influence on molding quality, and the microstructure and properties of alloy deposits are also affected by the complex thermal history of the additive manufacturing process. Here, we used an inter-layer cooling process and controlled the heat input process to attempt to reduce the influence of thermal history on alloy deposits during the additive process. The results showed that inter-layer cooling can optimize the molding quality of alloy deposits, but with the disadvantages of a long test time and slow deposition rate. A simple and uniform reduction of heat input makes the molding quality worse, but controlling the heat input by regions can optimize the molding quality of the alloy deposits. The thermophysical properties of Al-Mg alloy deposits were measured, and we found that the specific heat capacity and thermal diffusivity of alloy deposits were not obviously affected by the temperature. The microstructure and morphology of the deposited specimens were observed and analyzed by microscope and electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD). The process of controlled heat input results in a higher deposition rate, less side-wall roughness, minimum average grain size, and less coarse recrystallization. In addition, different thermal histories lead to different texture types in the inter-layer cooling process. Finally, a controlled heat input process yields the highest average microhardness of the deposited specimen, and the fluctuation range is small. We expect that the process of controlling heat input by model height region will be widely used in the WAAM field. MDPI 2021-02-24 /pmc/articles/PMC7956743/ /pubmed/33668308 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051061 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Chen, Furong Yang, Yihang Feng, Hualong Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects |
title | Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects |
title_full | Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects |
title_fullStr | Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects |
title_full_unstemmed | Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects |
title_short | Regional Control and Optimization of Heat Input during CMT by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: Modeling and Microstructure Effects |
title_sort | regional control and optimization of heat input during cmt by wire arc additive manufacturing: modeling and microstructure effects |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7956743/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33668308 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051061 |
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