Tin Oxide Encapsulated into Pyrolyzed Chitosan as a Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries

Tin oxide is one of the most promising electrode materials as a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries due to its higher theoretical specific capacity than graphite. However, it suffers lack of stability due to volume changes and low electrical conductivity while cycling. To overcome these issues, a new composite consisting of SnO [Formula: see text] and carbonaceous matrix was fabricated. Naturally abundant and renewable chitosan was chosen as a carbon source. The electrode material exhibiting 467 mAh g [Formula: see text] at the current density of 18 mA g [Formula: see text] and a capacity fade of only 2% after 70 cycles is a potential candidate for graphite replacement. Such good electrochemical performance is due to strong interaction between amine groups from chitosan and surface hydroxyl groups of SnO [Formula: see text] at the preparation stage. However, the charge storage is mainly contributed by a diffusion-controlled process showing that the best results might be obtained for low current rates.