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Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways
The ability to sense and move within an environment are complex functions necessary for the survival of nearly all species. The spinal cord is both the initial entry site for peripheral information and the final output site for motor response, placing spinal circuits as paramount in mediating sensor...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7961554/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800863 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052667 |
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author | Stachowski, Nicholas J. Dougherty, Kimberly J. |
author_facet | Stachowski, Nicholas J. Dougherty, Kimberly J. |
author_sort | Stachowski, Nicholas J. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The ability to sense and move within an environment are complex functions necessary for the survival of nearly all species. The spinal cord is both the initial entry site for peripheral information and the final output site for motor response, placing spinal circuits as paramount in mediating sensory responses and coordinating movement. This is partly accomplished through the activation of complex spinal microcircuits that gate afferent signals to filter extraneous stimuli from various sensory modalities and determine which signals are transmitted to higher order structures in the CNS and to spinal motor pathways. A mechanistic understanding of how inhibitory interneurons are organized and employed within the spinal cord will provide potential access points for therapeutics targeting inhibitory deficits underlying various pathologies including sensory and movement disorders. Recent studies using transgenic manipulations, neurochemical profiling, and single-cell transcriptomics have identified distinct populations of inhibitory interneurons which express an array of genetic and/or neurochemical markers that constitute functional microcircuits. In this review, we provide an overview of identified neural components that make up inhibitory microcircuits within the dorsal and ventral spinal cord and highlight the importance of inhibitory control of sensorimotor pathways at the spinal level. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7961554 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79615542021-03-17 Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways Stachowski, Nicholas J. Dougherty, Kimberly J. Int J Mol Sci Review The ability to sense and move within an environment are complex functions necessary for the survival of nearly all species. The spinal cord is both the initial entry site for peripheral information and the final output site for motor response, placing spinal circuits as paramount in mediating sensory responses and coordinating movement. This is partly accomplished through the activation of complex spinal microcircuits that gate afferent signals to filter extraneous stimuli from various sensory modalities and determine which signals are transmitted to higher order structures in the CNS and to spinal motor pathways. A mechanistic understanding of how inhibitory interneurons are organized and employed within the spinal cord will provide potential access points for therapeutics targeting inhibitory deficits underlying various pathologies including sensory and movement disorders. Recent studies using transgenic manipulations, neurochemical profiling, and single-cell transcriptomics have identified distinct populations of inhibitory interneurons which express an array of genetic and/or neurochemical markers that constitute functional microcircuits. In this review, we provide an overview of identified neural components that make up inhibitory microcircuits within the dorsal and ventral spinal cord and highlight the importance of inhibitory control of sensorimotor pathways at the spinal level. MDPI 2021-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC7961554/ /pubmed/33800863 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052667 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Stachowski, Nicholas J. Dougherty, Kimberly J. Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways |
title | Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways |
title_full | Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways |
title_fullStr | Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways |
title_full_unstemmed | Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways |
title_short | Spinal Inhibitory Interneurons: Gatekeepers of Sensorimotor Pathways |
title_sort | spinal inhibitory interneurons: gatekeepers of sensorimotor pathways |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7961554/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800863 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052667 |
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