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Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges
Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathog...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7962413/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33737931 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.628054 |
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author | Fogaça, Andréa C. Sousa, Géssica Pavanelo, Daniel B. Esteves, Eliane Martins, Larissa A. Urbanová, Veronika Kopáček, Petr Daffre, Sirlei |
author_facet | Fogaça, Andréa C. Sousa, Géssica Pavanelo, Daniel B. Esteves, Eliane Martins, Larissa A. Urbanová, Veronika Kopáček, Petr Daffre, Sirlei |
author_sort | Fogaça, Andréa C. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathogens to be transmitted to the host, making ticks versatile vectors of several diseases for humans and other animals. When a tick feeds on an infected host, the pathogen reaches the gut of the tick and must migrate to its salivary glands via hemolymph to be successfully transmitted to a subsequent host during the next stage of feeding. In addition, some pathogens can colonize the ovaries of the tick and be transovarially transmitted to progeny. The tick immune system, as well as the immune system of other invertebrates, is more rudimentary than the immune system of vertebrates, presenting only innate immune responses. Although simpler, the large number of tick species evidences the efficiency of their immune system. The factors of their immune system act in each tick organ that interacts with pathogens; therefore, these factors are potential targets for the development of new strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The objective of this review is to present the prevailing knowledge on the tick immune system and to discuss the challenges of studying tick immunity, especially regarding the gaps and interconnections. To this end, we use a comparative approach of the tick immune system with the immune system of other invertebrates, focusing on various components of humoral and cellular immunity, such as signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptides, redox metabolism, complement-like molecules and regulated cell death. In addition, the role of tick microbiota in vector competence is also discussed. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7962413 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79624132021-03-17 Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges Fogaça, Andréa C. Sousa, Géssica Pavanelo, Daniel B. Esteves, Eliane Martins, Larissa A. Urbanová, Veronika Kopáček, Petr Daffre, Sirlei Front Immunol Immunology Ticks are ectoparasitic arthropods that necessarily feed on the blood of their vertebrate hosts. The success of blood acquisition depends on the pharmacological properties of tick saliva, which is injected into the host during tick feeding. Saliva is also used as a vehicle by several types of pathogens to be transmitted to the host, making ticks versatile vectors of several diseases for humans and other animals. When a tick feeds on an infected host, the pathogen reaches the gut of the tick and must migrate to its salivary glands via hemolymph to be successfully transmitted to a subsequent host during the next stage of feeding. In addition, some pathogens can colonize the ovaries of the tick and be transovarially transmitted to progeny. The tick immune system, as well as the immune system of other invertebrates, is more rudimentary than the immune system of vertebrates, presenting only innate immune responses. Although simpler, the large number of tick species evidences the efficiency of their immune system. The factors of their immune system act in each tick organ that interacts with pathogens; therefore, these factors are potential targets for the development of new strategies for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. The objective of this review is to present the prevailing knowledge on the tick immune system and to discuss the challenges of studying tick immunity, especially regarding the gaps and interconnections. To this end, we use a comparative approach of the tick immune system with the immune system of other invertebrates, focusing on various components of humoral and cellular immunity, such as signaling pathways, antimicrobial peptides, redox metabolism, complement-like molecules and regulated cell death. In addition, the role of tick microbiota in vector competence is also discussed. Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-03-02 /pmc/articles/PMC7962413/ /pubmed/33737931 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.628054 Text en Copyright © 2021 Fogaça, Sousa, Pavanelo, Esteves, Martins, Urbanová, Kopáček and Daffre http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Immunology Fogaça, Andréa C. Sousa, Géssica Pavanelo, Daniel B. Esteves, Eliane Martins, Larissa A. Urbanová, Veronika Kopáček, Petr Daffre, Sirlei Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges |
title | Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges |
title_full | Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges |
title_fullStr | Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges |
title_full_unstemmed | Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges |
title_short | Tick Immune System: What Is Known, the Interconnections, the Gaps, and the Challenges |
title_sort | tick immune system: what is known, the interconnections, the gaps, and the challenges |
topic | Immunology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7962413/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33737931 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.628054 |
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