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Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities
BACKGROUND: Three months after the first reported cases, COVID-19 had spread to nearly 90% of World Health Organization (WHO) member states and only 24 countries had not reported cases as of 30 March 2020. This analysis aimed to 1) assess characteristics, capability to detect and monitor COVID-19, a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968140/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33731178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4 |
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author | Li, Zheng Jones, Cynthia Ejigu, Girum S. George, Nisha Geller, Amanda L. Chang, Gregory C. Adamski, Alys Igboh, Ledor S. Merrill, Rebecca D. Ricks, Philip Mirza, Sara A. Lynch, Michael |
author_facet | Li, Zheng Jones, Cynthia Ejigu, Girum S. George, Nisha Geller, Amanda L. Chang, Gregory C. Adamski, Alys Igboh, Ledor S. Merrill, Rebecca D. Ricks, Philip Mirza, Sara A. Lynch, Michael |
author_sort | Li, Zheng |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Three months after the first reported cases, COVID-19 had spread to nearly 90% of World Health Organization (WHO) member states and only 24 countries had not reported cases as of 30 March 2020. This analysis aimed to 1) assess characteristics, capability to detect and monitor COVID-19, and disease control measures in these 24 countries, 2) understand potential factors for the reported delayed COVID-19 introduction, and 3) identify gaps and opportunities for outbreak preparedness, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We collected and analyzed publicly available information on country characteristics, COVID-19 testing, influenza surveillance, border measures, and preparedness activities in these countries. We also assessed the association between the temporal spread of COVID-19 in all countries with reported cases with globalization indicator and geographic location. RESULTS: Temporal spreading of COVID-19 was strongly associated with countries’ globalization indicator and geographic location. Most of the 24 countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction were LMICs; 88% were small island or landlocked developing countries. As of 30 March 2020, only 38% of these countries reported in-country COVID-19 testing capability, and 71% reported conducting influenza surveillance during the past year. All had implemented two or more border measures, (e.g., travel restrictions and border closures) and multiple preparedness activities (e.g., national preparedness plans and school closing). CONCLUSIONS: Limited testing capacity suggests that most of the 24 delayed countries may have lacked the capability to detect and identify cases early through sentinel and case-based surveillance. Low global connectedness, geographic isolation, and border measures were common among these countries and may have contributed to the delayed introduction of COVID-19 into these countries. This paper contributes to identifying opportunities for pandemic preparedness, such as increasing disease detection, surveillance, and international collaborations. As the global situation continues to evolve, it is essential for countries to improve and prioritize their capacities to rapidly prevent, detect, and respond, not only for COVID-19, but also for future outbreaks. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7968140 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79681402021-03-18 Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities Li, Zheng Jones, Cynthia Ejigu, Girum S. George, Nisha Geller, Amanda L. Chang, Gregory C. Adamski, Alys Igboh, Ledor S. Merrill, Rebecca D. Ricks, Philip Mirza, Sara A. Lynch, Michael Global Health Research BACKGROUND: Three months after the first reported cases, COVID-19 had spread to nearly 90% of World Health Organization (WHO) member states and only 24 countries had not reported cases as of 30 March 2020. This analysis aimed to 1) assess characteristics, capability to detect and monitor COVID-19, and disease control measures in these 24 countries, 2) understand potential factors for the reported delayed COVID-19 introduction, and 3) identify gaps and opportunities for outbreak preparedness, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We collected and analyzed publicly available information on country characteristics, COVID-19 testing, influenza surveillance, border measures, and preparedness activities in these countries. We also assessed the association between the temporal spread of COVID-19 in all countries with reported cases with globalization indicator and geographic location. RESULTS: Temporal spreading of COVID-19 was strongly associated with countries’ globalization indicator and geographic location. Most of the 24 countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction were LMICs; 88% were small island or landlocked developing countries. As of 30 March 2020, only 38% of these countries reported in-country COVID-19 testing capability, and 71% reported conducting influenza surveillance during the past year. All had implemented two or more border measures, (e.g., travel restrictions and border closures) and multiple preparedness activities (e.g., national preparedness plans and school closing). CONCLUSIONS: Limited testing capacity suggests that most of the 24 delayed countries may have lacked the capability to detect and identify cases early through sentinel and case-based surveillance. Low global connectedness, geographic isolation, and border measures were common among these countries and may have contributed to the delayed introduction of COVID-19 into these countries. This paper contributes to identifying opportunities for pandemic preparedness, such as increasing disease detection, surveillance, and international collaborations. As the global situation continues to evolve, it is essential for countries to improve and prioritize their capacities to rapidly prevent, detect, and respond, not only for COVID-19, but also for future outbreaks. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4. BioMed Central 2021-03-17 /pmc/articles/PMC7968140/ /pubmed/33731178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4 Text en © The Author(s) 2021 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Li, Zheng Jones, Cynthia Ejigu, Girum S. George, Nisha Geller, Amanda L. Chang, Gregory C. Adamski, Alys Igboh, Ledor S. Merrill, Rebecca D. Ricks, Philip Mirza, Sara A. Lynch, Michael Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
title | Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
title_full | Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
title_fullStr | Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
title_full_unstemmed | Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
title_short | Countries with delayed COVID-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
title_sort | countries with delayed covid-19 introduction – characteristics, drivers, gaps, and opportunities |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968140/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33731178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12992-021-00678-4 |
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