Preclinical models for studying immune responses to traumatic injury

Traumatic injury initiates a large and complex immune response in the minutes after the initial insult, comprising of simultaneous pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory responses. In patients that survive the initial injury, these immune responses are believed to contribute towards complications such as the development of sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. These post‐traumatic complications affect a significant proportion of patients and are a major contributing factor for poor outcomes and an increased burden on healthcare systems. Therefore, understanding the immune responses to trauma is crucial for improving patient outcomes through the development of novel therapeutics and refining resuscitation strategies. In order to do this, preclinical animal models must mimic human immune responses as much as possible, and as such, we need to understand the constraints of each species in the context of trauma. A number of species have been used in this field; however, these models are limited by their genetic background and their capacity for recapitulating human immune function. This review provides a brief overview of the immune response in critically injured human patients and discusses the most commonly used species for modelling trauma, focusing on how their immune response to serious injury and haemorrhage compares to that of humans.