Green pesticide: Tapping to the promising roles of plant secreted small RNAs and responses towards extracellular DNA

The diverse roles of non-coding RNA and DNA in cross-species communication is yet to be revealed. Once thought to only involve intra-specifically in regulating gene expression, the evidence that these genetic materials can also modulate gene expression between species that belong to different kingdoms is accumulating. Plants send small RNAs to the pathogen or parasite when they are being attacked, targeting essential mRNAs for infection or parasitism of the hosts. However, the same survival mechanism is also deployed by the pathogen or parasite to destabilize plant immune responses. In plants, it is suggested that exposure to extracellular self-DNA impedes growth, while to extracellular non-self-DNA induces the modulation of reactive oxygen species, expression of resistance related genes, epigenetic mechanism, or suppression of disease severity. Exploring the potential of secreted RNA and extracellular DNA as a green pesticide could be a promising alternative if we are to provide food for the future global population without further damaging the environment. Hence, some studies on plant secreted RNA and responses towards extracellular DNA are discussed in this review. The precise mode of action of entry and the following cascade of signaling once the plant cell is exposed to secreted RNA or extracellular DNA could be an interesting topic for future research.