Sulfonic Derivatives as Recyclable Acid Catalysts in the Dehydration of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Biphasic Solvent Systems

[Image: see text] Biphasic systems have received increasing attention for acid-catalyzed dehydration of hexoses to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) because of their high efficiency in in situ extraction and stabilization of HMF. Different organic solvents and acid catalysts were applied in these systems, but their effects on the dehydration activity and HMF yield, and the recycling of homogeneous acid catalysts remain largely unexplored. Here, we tested different solvent systems containing a wide range of organic solvents with low boiling points to study the effects of their chemical structures on fructose dehydration and provided stable H(2)O–dioxane and H(2)O–acetonitrile biphasic systems with high HMF yields of 76–79% using water-soluble sulfonic derivatives as homogeneous acid catalysts under mild conditions (383 K). By analyzing the partition coefficients of HMF and sulfonic derivatives, 94.3% of HMF and 87.1% of NH(2)SO(3)H were, respectively, restrained in the dioxane phase and aqueous phase in the H(2)O–dioxane biphasic system and easily divided by phase separation. The effects of the adjacent group in sulfonic derivatives and reaction temperature on fructose conversions and HMF yields suggest that in a specific biphasic system, the catalysts’ acidity and reaction conditions significantly affect the fructose dehydration activity but hardly influence the optimal yield of HMF, and an almost constant amount of carbon loss was observed mainly due to the poor hydrothermal stability of fructose. Such developments offer a promising strategy to address the challenge in the separation and recycling of homogeneous acid catalysts in the practical HMF production.