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Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects

Additive manufacturing (AM) includes a series of techniques used to create products, in several different materials, such as metal, polymer or ceramics, with digital models. The main advantage of AM is that it allows the creation of complex structures, but AM promises several additional advantages i...

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Autores principales: Ljunggren, Stefan A., Ward, Liam J., Graff, Pål, Persson, Anders, Lind, Malin Leijon, Karlsson, Helen
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7971853/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33735215
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248601
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author Ljunggren, Stefan A.
Ward, Liam J.
Graff, Pål
Persson, Anders
Lind, Malin Leijon
Karlsson, Helen
author_facet Ljunggren, Stefan A.
Ward, Liam J.
Graff, Pål
Persson, Anders
Lind, Malin Leijon
Karlsson, Helen
author_sort Ljunggren, Stefan A.
collection PubMed
description Additive manufacturing (AM) includes a series of techniques used to create products, in several different materials, such as metal, polymer or ceramics, with digital models. The main advantage of AM is that it allows the creation of complex structures, but AM promises several additional advantages including the possibility to manufacture on demand or replacing smaller worn parts by directly building on an existing piece. Therefore, the interest for and establishment of AM is rapidly expanding, which is positive, however it is important to be aware that new techniques may also result in new challenges regarding health and safety issues. Metals in blood and possible clinical effects due to metal exposure were investigated in AM operators at one of the first serial producing AM facilities in the world during two consecutive years with implementation of preventive measures in-between. As comparison, welders and office workers as control group were investigated. Health investigations comprised of surveys, lung function tests, antioxidant activity and vascular inflammation as well as renal- and hepatic function analysis. AM operators had significantly reduced nickel levels in blood (10.8 vs 6.2 nmol/L) as well as improved lung function (80 vs 92% of predicted) from year 1 to year 2. This is in line with previously published results displaying reduced exposure. Blood cobalt and nickel levels correlated with previously reported urinary levels, while blood chromium did not. Multivariate modelling showed that blood cobalt, antioxidant/inflammatory marker serum amyloid A1/serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 activity and the hepatic markers aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were higher in AM operators compared to controls. The study show that the selected clinical analyses could function as a complement to metal analyses in biological fluids when investigating exposure-related health effects in AM operators. However, validation in larger cohorts is necessary before more definite conclusions could be drawn.
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spelling pubmed-79718532021-03-31 Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects Ljunggren, Stefan A. Ward, Liam J. Graff, Pål Persson, Anders Lind, Malin Leijon Karlsson, Helen PLoS One Research Article Additive manufacturing (AM) includes a series of techniques used to create products, in several different materials, such as metal, polymer or ceramics, with digital models. The main advantage of AM is that it allows the creation of complex structures, but AM promises several additional advantages including the possibility to manufacture on demand or replacing smaller worn parts by directly building on an existing piece. Therefore, the interest for and establishment of AM is rapidly expanding, which is positive, however it is important to be aware that new techniques may also result in new challenges regarding health and safety issues. Metals in blood and possible clinical effects due to metal exposure were investigated in AM operators at one of the first serial producing AM facilities in the world during two consecutive years with implementation of preventive measures in-between. As comparison, welders and office workers as control group were investigated. Health investigations comprised of surveys, lung function tests, antioxidant activity and vascular inflammation as well as renal- and hepatic function analysis. AM operators had significantly reduced nickel levels in blood (10.8 vs 6.2 nmol/L) as well as improved lung function (80 vs 92% of predicted) from year 1 to year 2. This is in line with previously published results displaying reduced exposure. Blood cobalt and nickel levels correlated with previously reported urinary levels, while blood chromium did not. Multivariate modelling showed that blood cobalt, antioxidant/inflammatory marker serum amyloid A1/serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1 activity and the hepatic markers aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were higher in AM operators compared to controls. The study show that the selected clinical analyses could function as a complement to metal analyses in biological fluids when investigating exposure-related health effects in AM operators. However, validation in larger cohorts is necessary before more definite conclusions could be drawn. Public Library of Science 2021-03-18 /pmc/articles/PMC7971853/ /pubmed/33735215 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248601 Text en © 2021 Ljunggren et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Ljunggren, Stefan A.
Ward, Liam J.
Graff, Pål
Persson, Anders
Lind, Malin Leijon
Karlsson, Helen
Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
title Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
title_full Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
title_fullStr Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
title_full_unstemmed Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
title_short Metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
title_sort metal additive manufacturing and possible clinical markers for the monitoring of exposure-related health effects
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7971853/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33735215
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248601
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