The efficacy of Phoslock® in reducing internal phosphate loading varies with bottom water oxygenation

Eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs has prompted interest in using sediment capping technology to reduce the sediment contribution to internal nutrient loading. One such sediment capping technology is Phoslock®, a lanthanum-embedded clay, which can bind phosphate at the sediment surface and limit its diffusion into the water column. However, in well-oxygenated lakes, naturally occurring iron can bind phosphate by a similar mechanism. We sought to test the efficacy of Phoslock® in limiting phosphate (PO(4)(3−)) fluxes relative to untreated iron-rich lake sediment under conditions of bottom-water oxia and anoxia through laboratory batch core incubations of intact sediment cores from Jordan Lake, a reservoir in central North Carolina. We found that Phoslock® decreased phosphate fluxes relative to the control under anoxic conditions (7.5 ± 9.5 vs. 236 ± 74 µmol PO(4)(3−)•m(−2)•d(−1)), but provided no benefit relative to the control when the water column was oxygenated (4.5 ± 4.3 vs. 7.0 ± 11.4 µmol PO(4)(3−)•m(−2)•d(−1)). We also found that Phoslock® itself can act as a source of NH(4)(+) to Jordan Lake waters. Applied at recommended levels to the whole lake, Phoslock® addition would result in a pulse increase in water column NH(4)(+) concentrations of approximately 2.6 ± 0.8 μM (an increase of 10 to 275% compared to ambient).