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Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis
BACKGROUND: This study presents a new approach to measure and analyze the walking balance of humans by collecting motion sensor data in a smartphone. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a mobile health (mHealth) app that can measure the walking movements of human individuals and analyze the differences i...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
JMIR Publications
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980116/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33666557 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24194 |
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author | Lee, Sungchul Walker, Ryan M Kim, Yoohwan Lee, Hyunhwa |
author_facet | Lee, Sungchul Walker, Ryan M Kim, Yoohwan Lee, Hyunhwa |
author_sort | Lee, Sungchul |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: This study presents a new approach to measure and analyze the walking balance of humans by collecting motion sensor data in a smartphone. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a mobile health (mHealth) app that can measure the walking movements of human individuals and analyze the differences in the walking movements of different individuals based on their health conditions. A smartphone’s motion sensors were used to measure the walking movements and analyze the rotation matrix data by calculating the variation of each xyz rotation, which shows the variables in walking-related movement data over time. METHODS: Data were collected from 3 participants, that is, 2 healthy individuals (1 female and 1 male) and 1 male with back pain. The participant with back pain injured his back during strenuous exercise but he did not have any issues in walking. The participants wore the smartphone in the middle of their waistline (as the center of gravity) while walking. They were instructed to walk straight at their own pace in an indoor hallway of a building. The walked a distance of approximately 400 feet. They walked for 2-3 minutes in a straight line and then returned to the starting location. A rotation vector in the smartphone, calculated by the rotation matrix, was used to measure the pitch, roll, and yaw angles of the human body while walking. Each xyz-rotation vector datum was recalculated to find the variation in each participant’s walking movement. RESULTS: The male participant with back pain showed a diminished level of walking balance with a wider range of xyz-axis variations in the rotations compared to those of the healthy participants. The standard deviation in the xyz-axis of the male participant with back pain was larger than that of the healthy male participant. Moreover, the participant with back pain had the widest combined range of right-to-left and forward-to-backward motions. The healthy male participant showed smaller standard deviation while walking than the male participant with back pain and the female healthy participant, indicating that the healthy male participant had a well-balanced walking movement. The walking movement of the female healthy participant showed symmetry in the left-to-right (x-axis) and up-to-down (y-axis) motions in the x-y variations of rotation vectors, indicating that she had lesser bias in gait than the others. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that our mHealth app based on smartphone sensors and rotation vectors can measure the variations in the walking movements of different individuals. Further studies are needed to measure and compare walking movements by age, gender, as well as types of health problems or disease. This app can help in finding differences in gait in people with diseases that affect gait. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7980116 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | JMIR Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79801162021-03-24 Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis Lee, Sungchul Walker, Ryan M Kim, Yoohwan Lee, Hyunhwa JMIR Mhealth Uhealth Original Paper BACKGROUND: This study presents a new approach to measure and analyze the walking balance of humans by collecting motion sensor data in a smartphone. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a mobile health (mHealth) app that can measure the walking movements of human individuals and analyze the differences in the walking movements of different individuals based on their health conditions. A smartphone’s motion sensors were used to measure the walking movements and analyze the rotation matrix data by calculating the variation of each xyz rotation, which shows the variables in walking-related movement data over time. METHODS: Data were collected from 3 participants, that is, 2 healthy individuals (1 female and 1 male) and 1 male with back pain. The participant with back pain injured his back during strenuous exercise but he did not have any issues in walking. The participants wore the smartphone in the middle of their waistline (as the center of gravity) while walking. They were instructed to walk straight at their own pace in an indoor hallway of a building. The walked a distance of approximately 400 feet. They walked for 2-3 minutes in a straight line and then returned to the starting location. A rotation vector in the smartphone, calculated by the rotation matrix, was used to measure the pitch, roll, and yaw angles of the human body while walking. Each xyz-rotation vector datum was recalculated to find the variation in each participant’s walking movement. RESULTS: The male participant with back pain showed a diminished level of walking balance with a wider range of xyz-axis variations in the rotations compared to those of the healthy participants. The standard deviation in the xyz-axis of the male participant with back pain was larger than that of the healthy male participant. Moreover, the participant with back pain had the widest combined range of right-to-left and forward-to-backward motions. The healthy male participant showed smaller standard deviation while walking than the male participant with back pain and the female healthy participant, indicating that the healthy male participant had a well-balanced walking movement. The walking movement of the female healthy participant showed symmetry in the left-to-right (x-axis) and up-to-down (y-axis) motions in the x-y variations of rotation vectors, indicating that she had lesser bias in gait than the others. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that our mHealth app based on smartphone sensors and rotation vectors can measure the variations in the walking movements of different individuals. Further studies are needed to measure and compare walking movements by age, gender, as well as types of health problems or disease. This app can help in finding differences in gait in people with diseases that affect gait. JMIR Publications 2021-03-05 /pmc/articles/PMC7980116/ /pubmed/33666557 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24194 Text en ©Sungchul Lee, Ryan M Walker, Yoohwan Kim, Hyunhwa Lee. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 05.03.2021. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. |
spellingShingle | Original Paper Lee, Sungchul Walker, Ryan M Kim, Yoohwan Lee, Hyunhwa Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis |
title | Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis |
title_full | Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis |
title_fullStr | Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis |
title_full_unstemmed | Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis |
title_short | Measurement of Human Walking Movements by Using a Mobile Health App: Motion Sensor Data Analysis |
title_sort | measurement of human walking movements by using a mobile health app: motion sensor data analysis |
topic | Original Paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980116/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33666557 http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/24194 |
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