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Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise
BACKGROUND: Competition is considered to rely on the value attributed to resources by animals, but the influence of extrinsic stressors on this value remains unexplored. Although natural or anthropogenic environmental stress often drives decreased competition, assumptions that this relies on resourc...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980355/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00397-x |
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author | Kareklas, Kyriacos Kunc, Hansjoerg P. Arnott, Gareth |
author_facet | Kareklas, Kyriacos Kunc, Hansjoerg P. Arnott, Gareth |
author_sort | Kareklas, Kyriacos |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Competition is considered to rely on the value attributed to resources by animals, but the influence of extrinsic stressors on this value remains unexplored. Although natural or anthropogenic environmental stress often drives decreased competition, assumptions that this relies on resource devaluation are without formal evidence. According to theory, physiological or perceptual effects may influence contest behaviour directly, but motivational changes due to resource value are expected to manifest as behavioural adjustments only in interaction with attainment costs and resource benefits. Thus, we hypothesise that stressor-induced resource devaluations will impose greater effects when attainment costs are high, but not when resource benefits are higher. Noise may elicit such effects because it impacts the acoustic environment and imposes physiological and behavioural costs to animals. Therefore, we manipulated the acoustic environment using playbacks of artificial noise to test our hypotheses in the territorial male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. RESULTS: Compared to a no-playback control, noise reduced defense motivation only when territory owners faced comparatively bigger opponents that impose greater injury costs, but not when territories also contained bubble nests that offer reproductive benefits. In turn, nest-size decreases were noted only after contests under noise treatment, but temporal nest-size changes relied on cross-contest variation in noise and comparative opponent size. Thus, the combined effects of noise are conditional on added attainment costs and offset by exceeding resource benefits. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide support for the hypothesised modulation of resource value under extrinsic stress and suggest implications for competition under increasing anthropogenic activity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00397-x. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7980355 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79803552021-03-22 Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise Kareklas, Kyriacos Kunc, Hansjoerg P. Arnott, Gareth Front Zool Research BACKGROUND: Competition is considered to rely on the value attributed to resources by animals, but the influence of extrinsic stressors on this value remains unexplored. Although natural or anthropogenic environmental stress often drives decreased competition, assumptions that this relies on resource devaluation are without formal evidence. According to theory, physiological or perceptual effects may influence contest behaviour directly, but motivational changes due to resource value are expected to manifest as behavioural adjustments only in interaction with attainment costs and resource benefits. Thus, we hypothesise that stressor-induced resource devaluations will impose greater effects when attainment costs are high, but not when resource benefits are higher. Noise may elicit such effects because it impacts the acoustic environment and imposes physiological and behavioural costs to animals. Therefore, we manipulated the acoustic environment using playbacks of artificial noise to test our hypotheses in the territorial male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. RESULTS: Compared to a no-playback control, noise reduced defense motivation only when territory owners faced comparatively bigger opponents that impose greater injury costs, but not when territories also contained bubble nests that offer reproductive benefits. In turn, nest-size decreases were noted only after contests under noise treatment, but temporal nest-size changes relied on cross-contest variation in noise and comparative opponent size. Thus, the combined effects of noise are conditional on added attainment costs and offset by exceeding resource benefits. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide support for the hypothesised modulation of resource value under extrinsic stress and suggest implications for competition under increasing anthropogenic activity. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12983-021-00397-x. BioMed Central 2021-03-20 /pmc/articles/PMC7980355/ /pubmed/33743763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00397-x Text en © The Author(s) 2021 Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Research Kareklas, Kyriacos Kunc, Hansjoerg P. Arnott, Gareth Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
title | Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
title_full | Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
title_fullStr | Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
title_full_unstemmed | Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
title_short | Extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
title_sort | extrinsic stressors modulate resource evaluations: insights from territoriality under artificial noise |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980355/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743763 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00397-x |
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