Sessile bacterium unlocks ability of surface motility through mutualistic interspecies interaction

In addition to their common planktonic lifestyle, bacteria frequently live in surface‐associated habitats. Surface motility is essential for exploring these habitats for food sources. However, many bacteria are found on surfaces, even though they lack features required for migrating along surfaces. How these canonical non‐motile bacteria adapt to the environmental fluctuations on surfaces remains unknown. Here, we report a previously unknown surface motility mode of the canonical non‐motile bacterium, Dietzia sp. DQ12‐45‐1b, which is triggered by interaction with a dimorphic prosthecate bacterium, Glycocaulis alkaliphilus 6B‐8T. Dietzia cells exhibits ‘sliding’‐like motility in an area where the strain Glycocaulis cells was pre‐colonized with a sufficient density. Our analysis also demonstrates that Dietzia degrade n‐alkanes and provide Glycocaulis with the resulting metabolites for survival, which in turn induced directional migration of Dietzia towards nutrient‐rich environments. Such interaction‐triggered migration was also found between Dietzia and Glycocaulis strains isolated from other habitats, suggesting that this mutualistic relationship ubiquitously occurs in natural environments. In conclusion, we propose a novel model for such a ‘win‐win’ strategy, whereby non‐motile bacteria pay metabolites to dimorphic prosthecate bacteria in return for migrating to seek for nutrients, which may represent a common strategy for canonically non‐motile bacteria living on a surface.