The surface area effect: How the intermediate dose spill depends on the PTV surface area in SRS

PURPOSE: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is rapidly becoming the standard of care for many intracranial targets. The characteristics of the planning target volume (PTV) can affect the intermediate dose spill and thus normal brain volume dose which is correlated with brain toxicity. R50% (volume receiving 50% of prescription dose divided by PTV volume) is a useful metric to quantify the intermediate dose spill. We propose a novel understanding of how the PTV surface area (SA(PTV)) affects the intermediate dose spill of SRS treatments. METHODS: Using a phantom model provided by a computed tomography (CT) of the IROC Head Phantom® and Eclipse® Treatment Planning System, we investigate the relationship of R50% and SA(PTV) in single‐target SRS treatments. The planning studies are conducted for SRS treatments on a Varian TrueBeam® linear accelerator with high‐definition MLC and a 6 MVFFF beam mode. These data are analyzed to ascertain trends in R50% related to SA(PTV). Since SA(PTV) is not available as a structure property in the Eclipse RTPS, we introduce an Eclipse script to extract PTV surface area of arbitrary‐shaped PTVs. We compare a physically reasonable theoretical prediction of R50%, R50%(Analytic), to the R50% achieved in treatment planning studies. RESULTS: The SRS phantom study indicates good correlation between the plan R50% and SA(PTV). A near‐linear relationship of plan R50% vs SA(PTV) is observed as predicted by the R50%(Analytic) model. Agreement between plan R50% values and R50%(Analytic) predictions is good for all but the very smallest PTV volumes. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate dependence of the intermediate dose spill measured by R50% on the SA(PTV). We call that dependence the surface area effect. This dependence is explicit in the R50%(Analytic) prediction model. The predicted value of R50%(Analytic) for a given PTV could be used for guidance during SRS treatment plan optimization, and plan evaluation for that PTV.