Changes in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes in Mexico City Between 1998–2004 and 2015–2019

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the trends in diabetes prevalence, diagnosis, and management among Mexican adults who were participants in a long-term prospective study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: From 1998 to 2004, 159,755 adults from Mexico City were recruited to a prospective study, and from 2015 to 2019, 10,144 survivors were resurveyed. Diabetes was defined as self-reported diagnosis, glucose-lowering medication use, or HbA(1c) ≥6.5%. Controlled diabetes was defined as HbA(1c) <7%. Prevalence estimates were uniformly standardized for age, sex, and residential district. Cox models explored the relevance of controlled and inadequately controlled diabetes to cause-specific mortality. RESULTS: During 1998–2004 and 2015–2019, 99,623 and 8,986 participants were aged 45–84 years. Diabetes prevalence had increased from 26% in 1998–2004 to 35% by 2015–2019. Of those with diabetes, the proportion previously diagnosed had increased from 76% to 89%, and glucose-lowering medication use among them had increased from 80% to 94%. Median HbA(1c) among those with diabetes had decreased from 8.2% to 7.3%, and the proportion of participants with controlled diabetes had increased from 16% to 37%. Use of blood pressure–lowering medication among those with previously diagnosed diabetes had increased from 35% to 51%, and their use of lipid-lowering therapy had increased from 1% to 14%. The excess mortality risk associated with diabetes accounted for 34% of deaths at ages 35–74 years, of which 5% were attributable to controlled and 29% to inadequately controlled diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequately controlled diabetes is a leading cause of premature adult death in Mexico. Improvements in diabetes management have increased diagnosis and control, but substantial opportunities remain to improve treatment, particularly with lipid-lowering therapy.