The Interactive Effect of Elevated CO(2) and Herbivores on the Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Alnus incana ssp. rugosa

Many studies have found that future predicted CO(2) levels can increase plant mass but dilute N content in leaves, impacting antiherbivore compounds. Nitrogen-fixing plants may balance their leaf C:N ratio under elevated CO(2), counteracting this dilution effect. However, we know little of how plants respond to herbivores at the higher CO(2) levels that occurred when nitrogen-fixing plants first evolved. We grew Alnus incana ssp. rugosa was grown at 400, 800, or 1600 ppm CO(2) in soil collected from the field, inoculated with Frankia and exposed to herbivores (Orgyia leucostigma). Elevated CO(2) increased nodulated plant biomass and stimulated the nitrogen fixation rate in the early growth stage. However, nitrogen-fixing plants were not able to balance their C:N ratio under elevated CO(2) after growing for 19 weeks. When plants were grown at 400 and 1600 ppm CO(2,) herbivores preferred to feed on leaves of nodulated plants. At 800 ppm CO(2), nodulated plants accumulated more total phenolic compounds in response to herbivore damage than plants in the non-Frankia and non-herbivore treatments. Our results suggest that plant leaf defence, not leaf nutritional content, is the dominant driver of herbivory and nitrogen-fixing plants have limited ability to balance C:N ratios at elevated CO(2) in natural soil.