Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Treatment—Current and Future Prospects

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an immune-mediated demyelinative disorder of the central nervous system affecting mainly the optical nerves and the spinal cord. The recurrent course of the disease, with exacerbations and incomplete remissions, causes accumulating disability, which has a profound impact upon patients’ quality of life. The discovery of antibodies against aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and their leading role in NMO etiology and the formulation of diagnostic criteria have improved appropriate recognition of the disease. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in understanding the background of NMO, leading to an increasing range of treatment options. On the basis of a review of the relevant literature, the authors present currently available therapeutic strategies for NMO as well as ongoing research in this field, with reference to key points of immune-mediated processes involved in the background of the disease.