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The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome
Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a craniofacial disorder caused by heterozygous variants of the forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) gene. It shows autosomal dominant inheritance but can also occur sporadically. Depending on the mutation, two phenotypic subtypes have been desc...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7998575/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33806295 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030364 |
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author | Méjécase, Cécile Nigam, Chandni Moosajee, Mariya Bladen, John C. |
author_facet | Méjécase, Cécile Nigam, Chandni Moosajee, Mariya Bladen, John C. |
author_sort | Méjécase, Cécile |
collection | PubMed |
description | Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a craniofacial disorder caused by heterozygous variants of the forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) gene. It shows autosomal dominant inheritance but can also occur sporadically. Depending on the mutation, two phenotypic subtypes have been described, both involving the same craniofacial features: type I, which is associated with premature ovarian failure (POF), and type II, which has no systemic features. The genotype–phenotype correlation is not fully understood, but it has been hypothesised that type I BPES involves more severe loss of function variants spanning the whole gene. Type II BPES has been linked to frameshift mutations that result in elongation of the protein rather than complete loss of function. A mutational hotspot has been identified within the poly-alanine domain, although the exact function of this region is still unknown. However, the BPES subtype cannot be determined genetically, necessitating informed genetic counselling and careful discussion of family planning advice in view of the associated POF particularly as the patient may still be a child. Following puberty, female patients should be referred for ovarian reserve and response assessment. Oculofacial features can be managed with surgical intervention and regular monitoring to prevent amblyopia. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7998575 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79985752021-03-28 The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome Méjécase, Cécile Nigam, Chandni Moosajee, Mariya Bladen, John C. Genes (Basel) Review Blepharophimosis, ptosis, and epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) is a craniofacial disorder caused by heterozygous variants of the forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) gene. It shows autosomal dominant inheritance but can also occur sporadically. Depending on the mutation, two phenotypic subtypes have been described, both involving the same craniofacial features: type I, which is associated with premature ovarian failure (POF), and type II, which has no systemic features. The genotype–phenotype correlation is not fully understood, but it has been hypothesised that type I BPES involves more severe loss of function variants spanning the whole gene. Type II BPES has been linked to frameshift mutations that result in elongation of the protein rather than complete loss of function. A mutational hotspot has been identified within the poly-alanine domain, although the exact function of this region is still unknown. However, the BPES subtype cannot be determined genetically, necessitating informed genetic counselling and careful discussion of family planning advice in view of the associated POF particularly as the patient may still be a child. Following puberty, female patients should be referred for ovarian reserve and response assessment. Oculofacial features can be managed with surgical intervention and regular monitoring to prevent amblyopia. MDPI 2021-03-04 /pmc/articles/PMC7998575/ /pubmed/33806295 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030364 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ). |
spellingShingle | Review Méjécase, Cécile Nigam, Chandni Moosajee, Mariya Bladen, John C. The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome |
title | The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome |
title_full | The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome |
title_fullStr | The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome |
title_full_unstemmed | The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome |
title_short | The Genetic and Clinical Features of FOXL2-Related Blepharophimosis, Ptosis and Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome |
title_sort | genetic and clinical features of foxl2-related blepharophimosis, ptosis and epicanthus inversus syndrome |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7998575/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33806295 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12030364 |
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