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Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity

Biosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but th...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Levak, Valentina, Lukan, Tjaša, Gruden, Kristina, Coll, Anna
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999283/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800034
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030209
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author Levak, Valentina
Lukan, Tjaša
Gruden, Kristina
Coll, Anna
author_facet Levak, Valentina
Lukan, Tjaša
Gruden, Kristina
Coll, Anna
author_sort Levak, Valentina
collection PubMed
description Biosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but their assortment is limited in some respects, such as their use in following biotic stress response, employing more than one biosensor in the same chassis, and their implementation into crops. In this review, we focused on the available biosensors that encompass these aspects. We show that in vivo imaging of calcium and reactive oxygen species is satisfactorily covered with the available genetically encoded biosensors, while on the other hand they are still underrepresented when it comes to imaging of the main three hormonal players in the immune response: salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid. Following more than one analyte in the same chassis, upon one or more conditions, has so far been possible by using the most advanced genetically encoded biosensors in plants which allow the monitoring of calcium and the two main hormonal pathways involved in plant development, auxin and cytokinin. These kinds of biosensor are also the most evolved in crops. In the last section, we examine the challenges in the use of biosensors and demonstrate some strategies to overcome them.
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spelling pubmed-79992832021-03-28 Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity Levak, Valentina Lukan, Tjaša Gruden, Kristina Coll, Anna Life (Basel) Review Biosensors are indispensable tools to understand a plant’s immunity as its spatiotemporal dimension is key in withstanding complex plant immune signaling. The diversity of genetically encoded biosensors in plants is expanding, covering new analytes with ever higher sensitivity and robustness, but their assortment is limited in some respects, such as their use in following biotic stress response, employing more than one biosensor in the same chassis, and their implementation into crops. In this review, we focused on the available biosensors that encompass these aspects. We show that in vivo imaging of calcium and reactive oxygen species is satisfactorily covered with the available genetically encoded biosensors, while on the other hand they are still underrepresented when it comes to imaging of the main three hormonal players in the immune response: salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid. Following more than one analyte in the same chassis, upon one or more conditions, has so far been possible by using the most advanced genetically encoded biosensors in plants which allow the monitoring of calcium and the two main hormonal pathways involved in plant development, auxin and cytokinin. These kinds of biosensor are also the most evolved in crops. In the last section, we examine the challenges in the use of biosensors and demonstrate some strategies to overcome them. MDPI 2021-03-07 /pmc/articles/PMC7999283/ /pubmed/33800034 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030209 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).
spellingShingle Review
Levak, Valentina
Lukan, Tjaša
Gruden, Kristina
Coll, Anna
Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
title Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
title_full Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
title_fullStr Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
title_full_unstemmed Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
title_short Biosensors: A Sneak Peek into Plant Cell’s Immunity
title_sort biosensors: a sneak peek into plant cell’s immunity
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999283/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800034
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11030209
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