Sleep Quality and Associated Factors in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Purpose: Sleep disturbance is one of the major complaints among patients with diabetes. The status of diabetes control and associated complications may contribute to sleep disturbance. This study explored night time sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with type 2 diabetes and examined the association of diabetes control and associated complications on their sleep quality. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was used. Type 2 diabetic patients (87 females and 79 males, aged 63.1 ± 10.5 years) were recruited from the outpatient clinics of the endocrine department. Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Diabetes control and complications were obtained by retrospectively reviewing patients’ medical records over 1 year prior to study enrollment. Results: 72.3% of recruited patients had poor glycemic control, and 71.1% had at least one diabetic complication. 56.0% of patients experienced poor sleep quality, and 24.1% had excessive daytime sleepiness. Those who were female (OR = 3.45) and who had ophthalmological problems (OR = 3.17) were associated with poor night time sleep quality, but if they did exercise to the point of sweating (OR = 0.48) reduced the risk of poor sleep quality. Furthermore, poor sleep quality (OR = 4.35) and having nephropathy (OR = 3.78) were associated with a higher risk of excessive daytime sleepiness. Conclusions: Sex, ophthalmological problems, nephropathy, and no exercise to the point of sweating are associated with sleep problems in patients with type 2 diabetes. Both lifestyle behaviors and diabetic complications affect sleep disturbances in patients with diabetes.