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Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cellular/molecular pathway...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2021
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999827/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33809300 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062897 |
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author | López-Ortiz, Susana Pinto-Fraga, Jose Valenzuela, Pedro L. Martín-Hernández, Juan Seisdedos, María M. García-López, Oscar Toschi, Nicola Di Giuliano, Francesca Garaci, Francesco Mercuri, Nicola Biagio Nisticò, Robert Emanuele, Enzo Lista, Simone Lucia, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Alejandro |
author_facet | López-Ortiz, Susana Pinto-Fraga, Jose Valenzuela, Pedro L. Martín-Hernández, Juan Seisdedos, María M. García-López, Oscar Toschi, Nicola Di Giuliano, Francesca Garaci, Francesco Mercuri, Nicola Biagio Nisticò, Robert Emanuele, Enzo Lista, Simone Lucia, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Alejandro |
author_sort | López-Ortiz, Susana |
collection | PubMed |
description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cellular/molecular pathways. The introduction of the systems biology framework is revolutionizing the study of complex diseases by allowing the identification and integration of cellular/molecular pathways and networks of interaction. Here, we reviewed the relationship between physical activity and the next pathophysiological processes involved in the risk of developing AD, based on some crucial molecular pathways and biological process dysregulated in AD: (1) Immune system and inflammation; (2) Endothelial function and cerebrovascular insufficiency; (3) Apoptosis and cell death; (4) Intercellular communication; (5) Metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; (6) DNA damage and repair; (7) Cytoskeleton and membrane proteins; (8) Synaptic plasticity. Moreover, we highlighted the increasingly relevant role played by advanced neuroimaging technologies, including structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and arterial spin labelling, in exploring the link between AD and physical exercise. Regular physical exercise seems to have a protective effect against AD by inhibiting different pathophysiological molecular pathways implicated in AD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-7999827 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2021 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-79998272021-03-28 Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease López-Ortiz, Susana Pinto-Fraga, Jose Valenzuela, Pedro L. Martín-Hernández, Juan Seisdedos, María M. García-López, Oscar Toschi, Nicola Di Giuliano, Francesca Garaci, Francesco Mercuri, Nicola Biagio Nisticò, Robert Emanuele, Enzo Lista, Simone Lucia, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Alejandro Int J Mol Sci Review Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of neurodegenerative dementia in adults worldwide, is a multifactorial and heterogeneous disorder characterized by the interaction of genetic and epigenetic factors and the dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling and cellular/molecular pathways. The introduction of the systems biology framework is revolutionizing the study of complex diseases by allowing the identification and integration of cellular/molecular pathways and networks of interaction. Here, we reviewed the relationship between physical activity and the next pathophysiological processes involved in the risk of developing AD, based on some crucial molecular pathways and biological process dysregulated in AD: (1) Immune system and inflammation; (2) Endothelial function and cerebrovascular insufficiency; (3) Apoptosis and cell death; (4) Intercellular communication; (5) Metabolism, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity; (6) DNA damage and repair; (7) Cytoskeleton and membrane proteins; (8) Synaptic plasticity. Moreover, we highlighted the increasingly relevant role played by advanced neuroimaging technologies, including structural/functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and arterial spin labelling, in exploring the link between AD and physical exercise. Regular physical exercise seems to have a protective effect against AD by inhibiting different pathophysiological molecular pathways implicated in AD. MDPI 2021-03-12 /pmc/articles/PMC7999827/ /pubmed/33809300 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062897 Text en © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review López-Ortiz, Susana Pinto-Fraga, Jose Valenzuela, Pedro L. Martín-Hernández, Juan Seisdedos, María M. García-López, Oscar Toschi, Nicola Di Giuliano, Francesca Garaci, Francesco Mercuri, Nicola Biagio Nisticò, Robert Emanuele, Enzo Lista, Simone Lucia, Alejandro Santos-Lozano, Alejandro Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease |
title | Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease |
title_full | Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease |
title_fullStr | Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease |
title_short | Physical Exercise and Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Pathophysiological Molecular Pathways of the Disease |
title_sort | physical exercise and alzheimer’s disease: effects on pathophysiological molecular pathways of the disease |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7999827/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33809300 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062897 |
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