Cargando…

Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan

Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Dreyfus, Anou, Ruf, Marie-Thérèse, Mayer-Scholl, Anne, Zitzl, Theresa, Loosli, Nadine, Bier, Nadja Seyhan, Hiereth, Stephanie, Ulrich, Sebastian, Poppert, Sven, Straubinger, Reinhard K., Stenos, John, Tshokey, Tshokey
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000015/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800914
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308
_version_ 1783670911477481472
author Dreyfus, Anou
Ruf, Marie-Thérèse
Mayer-Scholl, Anne
Zitzl, Theresa
Loosli, Nadine
Bier, Nadja Seyhan
Hiereth, Stephanie
Ulrich, Sebastian
Poppert, Sven
Straubinger, Reinhard K.
Stenos, John
Tshokey, Tshokey
author_facet Dreyfus, Anou
Ruf, Marie-Thérèse
Mayer-Scholl, Anne
Zitzl, Theresa
Loosli, Nadine
Bier, Nadja Seyhan
Hiereth, Stephanie
Ulrich, Sebastian
Poppert, Sven
Straubinger, Reinhard K.
Stenos, John
Tshokey, Tshokey
author_sort Dreyfus, Anou
collection PubMed
description Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR).
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-8000015
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2021
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-80000152021-03-28 Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan Dreyfus, Anou Ruf, Marie-Thérèse Mayer-Scholl, Anne Zitzl, Theresa Loosli, Nadine Bier, Nadja Seyhan Hiereth, Stephanie Ulrich, Sebastian Poppert, Sven Straubinger, Reinhard K. Stenos, John Tshokey, Tshokey Pathogens Article Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR). MDPI 2021-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8000015/ /pubmed/33800914 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).
spellingShingle Article
Dreyfus, Anou
Ruf, Marie-Thérèse
Mayer-Scholl, Anne
Zitzl, Theresa
Loosli, Nadine
Bier, Nadja Seyhan
Hiereth, Stephanie
Ulrich, Sebastian
Poppert, Sven
Straubinger, Reinhard K.
Stenos, John
Tshokey, Tshokey
Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan
title Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan
title_full Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan
title_fullStr Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan
title_full_unstemmed Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan
title_short Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan
title_sort exposure to leptospira spp. and associated risk factors in the human, cattle and dog populations in bhutan
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000015/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800914
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030308
work_keys_str_mv AT dreyfusanou exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT rufmarietherese exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT mayerschollanne exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT zitzltheresa exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT looslinadine exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT biernadjaseyhan exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT hierethstephanie exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT ulrichsebastian exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT poppertsven exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT straubingerreinhardk exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT stenosjohn exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan
AT tshokeytshokey exposuretoleptospirasppandassociatedriskfactorsinthehumancattleanddogpopulationsinbhutan