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The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease

Vitamin D and cognition is a popular association, which led to a remarkable body of literature data in the past 50 years. The brain can synthesize, catabolize, and receive Vitamin D, which has been proved to regulate many cellular processes in neurons and microglia. Vitamin D helps synaptic plastici...

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Autores principales: Bivona, Giulia, Lo Sasso, Bruna, Gambino, Caterina Maria, Giglio, Rosaria Vincenza, Scazzone, Concetta, Agnello, Luisa, Ciaccio, Marcello
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000099/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800891
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030334
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author Bivona, Giulia
Lo Sasso, Bruna
Gambino, Caterina Maria
Giglio, Rosaria Vincenza
Scazzone, Concetta
Agnello, Luisa
Ciaccio, Marcello
author_facet Bivona, Giulia
Lo Sasso, Bruna
Gambino, Caterina Maria
Giglio, Rosaria Vincenza
Scazzone, Concetta
Agnello, Luisa
Ciaccio, Marcello
author_sort Bivona, Giulia
collection PubMed
description Vitamin D and cognition is a popular association, which led to a remarkable body of literature data in the past 50 years. The brain can synthesize, catabolize, and receive Vitamin D, which has been proved to regulate many cellular processes in neurons and microglia. Vitamin D helps synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in dopaminergic neural circuits and exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities within the brain by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress load. Further, Vitamin D action in the brain has been related to the clearance of amyloid plaques, which represent a feature of Alzheimer Disease (AD), by the immune cell. Based on these considerations, many studies have investigated the role of circulating Vitamin D levels in patients affected by a cognitive decline to assess Vitamin D’s eventual role as a biomarker or a risk factor in AD. An association between low Vitamin D levels and the onset and progression of AD has been reported, and some interventional studies to evaluate the role of Vitamin D in preventing AD onset have been performed. However, many pitfalls affected the studies available, including substantial discrepancies in the methods used and the lack of standardized data. Despite many studies, it remains unclear whether Vitamin D can have a role in cognitive decline and AD. This narrative review aims to answer two key questions: whether Vitamin D can be used as a reliable tool for diagnosing, predicting prognosis and response to treatment in AD patients, and whether it is a modifiable risk factor for preventing AD onset.
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spelling pubmed-80000992021-03-28 The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease Bivona, Giulia Lo Sasso, Bruna Gambino, Caterina Maria Giglio, Rosaria Vincenza Scazzone, Concetta Agnello, Luisa Ciaccio, Marcello Brain Sci Review Vitamin D and cognition is a popular association, which led to a remarkable body of literature data in the past 50 years. The brain can synthesize, catabolize, and receive Vitamin D, which has been proved to regulate many cellular processes in neurons and microglia. Vitamin D helps synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in dopaminergic neural circuits and exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities within the brain by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress load. Further, Vitamin D action in the brain has been related to the clearance of amyloid plaques, which represent a feature of Alzheimer Disease (AD), by the immune cell. Based on these considerations, many studies have investigated the role of circulating Vitamin D levels in patients affected by a cognitive decline to assess Vitamin D’s eventual role as a biomarker or a risk factor in AD. An association between low Vitamin D levels and the onset and progression of AD has been reported, and some interventional studies to evaluate the role of Vitamin D in preventing AD onset have been performed. However, many pitfalls affected the studies available, including substantial discrepancies in the methods used and the lack of standardized data. Despite many studies, it remains unclear whether Vitamin D can have a role in cognitive decline and AD. This narrative review aims to answer two key questions: whether Vitamin D can be used as a reliable tool for diagnosing, predicting prognosis and response to treatment in AD patients, and whether it is a modifiable risk factor for preventing AD onset. MDPI 2021-03-06 /pmc/articles/PMC8000099/ /pubmed/33800891 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030334 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ).
spellingShingle Review
Bivona, Giulia
Lo Sasso, Bruna
Gambino, Caterina Maria
Giglio, Rosaria Vincenza
Scazzone, Concetta
Agnello, Luisa
Ciaccio, Marcello
The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
title The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
title_full The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
title_fullStr The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
title_full_unstemmed The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
title_short The Role of Vitamin D as a Biomarker in Alzheimer’s Disease
title_sort role of vitamin d as a biomarker in alzheimer’s disease
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8000099/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33800891
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030334
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